Change Management in GE, Ford Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Change Management in GE, Ford - Assignment Example Jeffrey R Immelt, the chairman, and CEO of GE has been trying to bring about a cultural revolution. He has been on a mission to transform the hard driving, process-oriented company GE into one that is steeped in creativity and wired for growth (Hitt, Ireland, Hoskisson, 2009, P.143). He wanted to move GE`s average organic growth rate for increasing the revenue that comes from their existing operations rather than dealing with currency fluctuations. Immelt has initiated the change process by welcoming outsiders into highest ranks GE made it compulsory for every employee to have at least a green belt training and wanted them to be involved in one quality control project to be eligible for promotion in the management level. Black belts and master belts were awarded for a higher level of management.GE ensured that the best employees were trained for the black belts and master belts(Bertels, Rath & Strong, 2003,P.263) At GE management meetings, head of all businesses were encouraged to ta lk about the new initiatives in their own units so that the ideas and best practices could be transferred among the various businesses(Harvard Business School Press,2010,P.25) The business heads speak mainly about the methods that are used in every individual center for decreasing cost and increasing efficiency. Communication was emphasized in all direction i.e. top down, bottom up and lateral communication. Effective communication has helped in promoting GE`s informal culture. Every employee in GE is encouraged to express their opinion candidly to their superiors (Nilakant, Ramnarayan, 2006, P.70).The GE Change Acceleration Process measures the effectiveness of change as the product of quality (the technical aspect of change) and the acceptance (by those who embrace it). The only way to get a very high score is to score high on both the factors. For years GE has applied this thinking to the Six Sigma by giving change management methods and tools to the leaders and trained employees .

The Name of the Business Essay Example for Free

The Name of the Business Essay Any person or company uses a name to represent a business. It gives the business its own identification. So when choosing the name I had to think about whether the name gives out a good image to my target market. I also had to think about whether my target market would respond to the name and I had to justify how they may observe it. I needed the name of my business short and catchy so that it is appealing to the younger generation. A business name that not only symbolizes the business but makes it a high popularity as this name has to stay the same for the whole of the business venture. Some business may relate their name to their profession as this then gives a clear, instant idea of what the business actually does for example AC electrical services this then prevents any misunderstandings and gives an instant communication with his/hers customers because the name is telling us exactly what the profession is. After a lot of thought I came to the conclusion of naming my milkshake company, Shake-About. I decided on this name as I believe that it is catchy and symbolizes the service given to the public. I also believe that the name is neither complicated nor hard to remember so it will appeal to my target market, which is teenagers. I have done a lot of research into other milkshake companies to confirm that I am not copywriting another businesses name as this would be breaking the law and I could be at risk of being sued. After a lot of research into what kind of business I wanted to design I came to the conclusion that I wanted to go into the catering business. The reason I wanted to go into this sort of business was mainly because I thought it could be an interesting business to get involved into and also I have had past experience in the sector. It will be a seasonal business meaning in summer we will have more business than in winter. Innovation and enterprise is important in this business because if it wasnt unique then it wouldnt stand out from amongst the competitors and so our market share would remain at a standstill. Our idea will shine out amongst the competition and so we hope it will bring us more customers. We keep enterprising in mind, and therefore we are always thinking of new ideas to improve it, such as setting up a mobile business from a customized van like an ice cream van. This van will circle round the city to local hang-out spots like parks and playgrounds. Using this initiative, we will be able to sell our products to a wider audience as it will be easier for us to go to them, rather than them coming to us. Extra costs will have to be added for fuel, etc. As an entrepreneur I have chosen to work within a partnership as once the business has expanded I would need more people to help me keep up with the work loads. Also I felt that having another person in my business would give me diversity and would be good to have another persons input rather than just my own. Also if I had a day where I am not able to come into work for example I was on holiday or ill I would still be able to keep my business going as I have another person to help me out. We have calculated and weighed up the risks of the business as a number of small businesses start up and then fail so we are prepared if that situation arises. We are very hopeful about this business as it is a one of a kind on the Algarve; with the right mind set we will be able to make this a successful reality. We believe our customers will love it as the temperature in Portugal can get extremely high therefore a nice milkshake on a warm day will appeal to many people.

Overworked Americans :: Materialism Materialistic Society Essays

â€Å"There is the constant pressure from our materialistic society to get nice cars, big TV’s, and brand-name clothes. So, what if we can’t afford the nicest cars and other items? We can now use financing and credit cards to get thrown deep into debt,† Michael*, a financial consultant from Northeastern Pennsylvania said. He said people are forced to work longer hours and get multiple jobs to pay off their debt. The expensive products create stress and lead to family problems, including verbal and physical abuse, he said. Americans are overworked and recognize the need for reduced job hours, but are addicted to spending money, he said. Michael said he has difficulty juggling his high-pressure job with a personal life, yet still insists on creating time for his family and friends. â€Å"There should always be time to try to relax and cool off after tough days, and I consider it imperative to do so,† he said. He said that people need to recognize that work correlates with their family and friends, and it is important to balance work with a social life. Kristen Randall, 22, of Rumson, New Jersey is a recent college graduate at the beginning of her career. She said she has minimal expenses at this stage in her life and works 40 hours each week. Randall said she would need an additional job if she had more bills to pay. â€Å"A lot of Americans need to work overtime because they have minimum wage jobs and these jobs don’t pay enough for them to make a living,† she said. Long work hours lend little time for leisure, which Randall said is an essential aspect of a person’s overall health. She said that people who repeatedly work overtime are too tired to exercise or spend time with family members. â€Å"When a person doesn’t have enough time to relax or participate in activities that they are interested in, they tend to be in a bad mood and take less care of themselves,† Randall said. She said that households with two working parents are sometimes forced to send their children to daycare, where they sacrifice quality time together and lose some control in raising their children. â€Å"If people are sacrificing a great deal because of their job, they are probably more likely to be unhappy. They may be tired and stressed out. This makes them less likely to be productive, pleasant employees,† Randall said. Daljinder Mann, a sales employee in Somerville, MA, attributed Americans’ increased working hours to the rising cost of living.

Consumers Take a Shine to Apple Inc. Essay

Apple came back from near extinction to become one of the most revered technology companies in recent memory. They achieved this status by developing innovative design products and pushing the limits of their marketing prowess. Apple is known for their ability to listen to consumers and revolutionize market segments by providing modern design laden and feature rich alternatives to the target markets. They employ strategies that might contradict normal convention by keeping their prices high to build a brand image of prestige and promote their products through word of mouth. The impact on marketing is hugely noticeable by other companies following suit with store models resembling Apple stores. Key Marketing Issues 1. Identify Trends – Apple built its business by recognizing trends for the ditial consumer. As Apple products continue to age and become saturated in the market they must look to uncover the next big â€Å"it† product to brand as their own. 2. War with Competitors – Apple holds many patents on software and hardware that competitors imitate to bring products to market. With the complicated war between companies Samsung and Apple reaching the masses, people start to take sides and demonize Apple. Apple must learn walk the fine line of protecting it’s intellectual property without being seen as the big corporate entity that attacks every other company that tries to enter the market. 3. Innovation – Apple’s core products have enjoyed largely rave reviews and enormous profits, but the target market is starting to feel that Apple products are not as revolutionary as before. Even though the processers and screen quality continue to rise, the need to upgrade or buy another version of the same product is waning in consumer’s minds. Apple cannot lose sight of this and continue to explain the benefits of its products to consumers. 4. Remember Customers old and new- Apple is known for superior customer service. They must continue to coddle new customers  to build their loyalty without alienating the early adopters and by now seasoned customers. The creative customer service model must be sustained to ensure the competitive advantage is not lost. Personal Case Analysis I learned that Apple is a juggernaut when it comes to their technological products and marketing goals. Apple focuses on the needs of customer’s light years ahead of their competition and even before most consumers have realized they want Apple’s products. Through their innovative marketing involving social media, word of mouth, Apple Stores they have convinced consumers about the high value of their product even lending to the formation of a â€Å"Mac cult† for its diehard fans. The way ahead for Apple is not to lose sight of its brand loyalty and continue to service the customers and entice them with the brand’s prestige. Even with the death of Steve Jobs, I believe Apple forge ahead to differentiate itself from the markets they are in. Case Questions 1- How has Apple implemented the marketing concept? Apple implemented the marketing concept by focusing on customers’ needs through imagination, design, and innovation creating an emotional brand for its customers. Even though Apple is a technological company it takes a humanistic approach to satisfying the needs of its customers far better than the competition. 2- Describe the role of Apple stores as an important part of it’s marketing strategy? Apple stores allow customers to interact with physical products and discover the companies design language while receiving human interaction to enhance their experience. Customers who come into a store learn firsthand the vast array of Apple products and the ease of connectivity. 3- What will Apple need to do to maintain product innovation and customer loyalty? In order for Apple to maintain it’s product innovation it will have to refrain from complex diversification into other fields and continue to focus on delivering the most superior products to the market. Apple is dominant in refreshing their product lines every couple of years and should update Ipods, Imacs, and Ipads frequently as processers and designs age. For Apple to continue customer loyalty it must not alienate or diminish support and assistance to their customers. The empathetic company along with its employees is a value added experience to the customers. Conclusions Apple is a dynamic American comeback story. From the brink of obscurity it was saved by the very man which helped create it. Through its growth, Apple was able to produce innovative products and bring them to the market with style. The marketing juggernaut focused on the marketing concept always keeping its eyes on the customer. Apple must continue to evolve to changing markets and retool marketing strategies as it competes in key industries Works Cited Moorman, Christine, â€Å"Why Apple is great marketer†, Forbes, http://www.forbes.com/sites/christinemoorman/2012/07/10/why-apple-is-a-great-marketer/

Inventory Control System Essay

This study is established towards gathering and developing strategies that could solve the inappropriate inventory system of 7-eleven Sto. Rosario, Angeles City Outlet. The researchers established Trend analysis (regress over time) and Basic Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) to solve problem of inappropriate inventory management. The findings of this study revealed the problem on the current inventory management system that is evident in the product overstocking and under stocking problem of 7-eleven. Forecasting demand may improve the ordering quantity every time they place an order and EOQ may result in the significant savings for the company. The Story of Convenience Shopping 7-eleven pioneered the convenience store concept way back in `1927 at the Southland Ice Company in Dallas, Texas. In addition to selling blocks of ice to refrigerated food, an enterprising ice dock employee began offering milk, bread and eggs on Sundays and evenings when grocery stores were closed. This new business idea produced ideas that satisfied customers and increased sales, and convenience retailing was born. The company’s first convenience outlets were known as Tote’m stores since customers â€Å"Toted† away their purchases and some even sported genuine Alaskan totem poles in front. In 1946, Tote’m became 7-Eleven to reflect the stores’ new, extended hours 7 a.m until 11 p.m., seven days a week. The companu’s corporate name was changed from the Southland Corporation to 7-Eleven, inc, in 1999. Each Store focuses on meeting the needs of busy shoppers by providing a broad selection of fresh, high quality products and services at everyday fair prices, along with speedy transactions and a clean,safe and friendly shopping environment. In year 2004, 7-Eleven located at Sto. Rosario Street Angeles City was established under the management of Edgar Nucum who was the first manager under corporate group of the Philippine Seven Corporation. However, on May 2, 2005, the said business was turnover To Mevin Teopaco because of the conversion of the establishments from corporate to franchisee  Mr. Teopaco who took the business through formal application and training on how to run the business. He is responsible for ordering, buying and maintaining inventory, hiring and training employees, as well on payroll, cash variation, supplies, certain repairs, maintenance and other controllable in store expenses. The company’s mission is t offer time-conscious customers a full range of products and services that meet their ever-changing daily needs through quality, speed, selection and value in a safe, friendly and pleasant environment. And their vision is to â€Å"become a recognized leader in providing time-conscious consumers with a full-range of products and services that meet their ever-changing daily needs. We will be the customer-preffered convenience store by exceeding customer expectations through quality, speed, selection, and value in a safe and pleasant environment, treating our employees with dignity and respect, recognizing our franchisees and suppliers as business partners, being a good corporate citizen. Achieving our vision and continued growth will provide our shareholders with a beter than competitive return on their investments†. Inventories are ordered on a daily basis and delivered through central distribution located in Pasig City. Inventories are individually monitored thorugh monitoring sheet report, sales and ordering are incorporated at SAS System that link to POS (Point of Sales). Although Mr. Teopaco had special training in managing the said business, still sometimes he experienced and encountered different problems related to operation such as inventory losses. Such problem is caused by different factors. This problem arises when the management encounters discrepancy in the delivery of the products. However, there are products, which the store provides but not salable. Such products sty longer in the store and become spoiled. Which are referred to as bad merchandise or BM. In effect, the company experience losses on inventories because such scenario usually happens in the store. Since the store is open 24 hours a day and the security system of the store is not that fully implemented, there are customers who shop lift from the store especially â€Å"out-of-sight† and small products. Sometimes the management could not trace those products until they make an inventory count. Another thing is that some employees do unnecessary things in the store like eating some of the products or keeping them. In such case, inventory losses happen. The occurrence of these different factors led to the existence of a current  problem, which need to be monitored and evaluated by the management in order to achieve the desired objectives of the said company. The Current Situation on the Inventory Management of 7Eleven The main problem 7Eleven is currently facing is the inventory losses as shown on Figure 1. This problem exists because of different factors that the management should eliminate or if not, at least minimize. Such factors are the theft and shoplifiting that result to lesser sales or profit, and obsolescence of the products that result to high inventory sales. Unavailability of the prodcuts results to stock-outs and lower sales because customers tend to patronize competitor’s products. The second factor that led to the afordeimentioned problem is inefficient employees. Inefficient employees can occur just like not performing their duties well and sometimes by concealing merchandise in a purse, pocket, or bag and removing it from the store. It can also occur by stealing cash, allowing others to steal merchandise, eating the goods and sometimes some employees do not punch other products sold. Employee theft can sometimes be charges as embezzlement due to be trusted fiduciary status of the employee. Being inefficient employee can also result dissatisfied customer. All of these methods lead to loss of inventory(shrinkage) and/or profit for the merchant. Preventing employee theft and being irresponsible is a constant challenge for the store. The store knows that it must put systems in place to prevent or deter internal theft. To be effective, loss prevention systems must be designed to reduce the opportunity,desire, and motivation for employee theft. Basic loss prevention steps involve good procedures for hiring, training and supervision of employees and managers. Procedures that are clearly defined, articulated, and fully implemented will reduce opportunity, desire, and motivation for employees to steal. For others, the only barrier to dishonesty is the fear of being caught. The employee thief risks being fired, arrested, jailed, and paying restitution. The other cause of the said problem is the inefficient inventory control system.With this, inventories are not properly controlled which results to a high percentage of spoilage or expiration of some products. When an inefficient valuation is assigned to the inventory, it may end up having higher inventory expense. Moreover, it will be costly on the part of the store. To determine the cost to be associated with the inventory, a physical inventory must be taken in order to determing the number of units present. Then, the costs are attached to each item in the inventory. When dealing with the inventories, cost should be interpreted to mean the sum of all direct or indirect charges incurred in bringing an item of inventory to its existing condition and/or location. The store have a price tag or a universal product code, it is acommon practice to take the physical inventory at the store from these price tags and codes it can determine their inventory. Maintenance of inventory losses may result in lost sales and disgruntled customers. The last factor is the lack of security control system because of limited employees that wil oversee the inventories specially those that are not visible. In effect, shoplifting and theft arises. Technology alone will not eliminate retail theft. Store who wants to reduce losses should also Strive to provide good customer service and promote high job satisfactions levels among its retail sales associates. Stores that utilize security technologies generally have lower overall inventory shrinkage than those retailers who do not. Technology also allows employees to focus more time on assisting customers and less on patrolling the aisles. Inventory is considered the current asset to the store because it will normally be sold within the store’s operating cycle.   All of the said causes result in inventory losses and lead to different effects, such as, lesser profits/sales, dissatisfied customers, and stock-outs. These are not beneficial to the company so the management need to find ways on how to overcome the causes that lead to the above effects.

Legal Aspects Of Child Labour In India Young People Essays

Legal Aspects Of Child Labour In India Young People Essays Legal Aspects Of Child Labour In India Young People Essay Legal Aspects Of Child Labour In India Young People Essay CHILD LABOUR AND INDIA- AN ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS CONSTITUTIONAL AND STATUTORY PROVISIONS Introduction Child labor has been in India from a long clip in some signifier or the other. Practice of kid labor in lucifer box industries, glass bracelet industries and is really normally seen in inexpensive eating houses and dhabas etc. By and large talking child labors can be said to be the development or maltreatment of kids in mills, industries etc, who are below the age specified by jurisprudence working ( mentally or physically ) to gain for his/her ain endurance or to back up his/her household partly or to the full, and which prevents his/her societal and instruction development may be said to be child labor . The grounds which are by and large responsible for child labor may include[ 1 ]: Poverty, Ignorance, Illiteracy, Population detonation, Lack of cognition of their ain rights, Large sums of debt on the parents, Large size of household but non adequate income to back up such large household, Lack of societal security strategy in the state, Weak enforcement of labour Torahs. Harmonizing to an U.N.O study India has the maximal child labor in the universe i.e. approx 20 per cent.[ 2 ]On the footing of Census 1991 and assorted governmental and non-governmental organisations following are the figure of child laborers in India[ 3 ]: Census 1991 2.63 crore, Organization research group, Baroda, 1994-95 4.44 crore, Centre for concern of Child Labour 10 crore. Extra-governmental voluntary organisation more than 5 crore. The Numberss may change harmonizing to different organisations but the fact is clear that the Numberss of kid laborers in India are in crores, which is once more a hapless sight, particularly with all the assorted child labour statute law and the Constitutional commissariats. In a study by the Labour Ministry every 4th kid is a child labor, aged between 5-14 old ages and there is one kid labor in every three households.[ 4 ] But it s non as if Indian authoritiess have nt done anything about this sedate societal stigma, over the old ages it has enacted many statutory statute laws and Constitutional commissariats in order to eliminate the job of kid labor, to call some of them, we have: Labour statute laws: The Child Labour Act, 1986, The Factories Act, 1948, The Mines Act, 1952, The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009, The Minimum Wages Act, 1948, The Juvenile Justice ( Care and Protection ) of Children Act, 2000 Constitutional commissariats[ 5 ]: Article 24 provides: purely prohibits kids to work in risky environment. Article 21, 45 gives the right to education to all the kids below the age of 14years. Article 39 declares the responsibility of the State to supply the kids a free installations to develop in conditions of freedom and self-respect in a healthy mode. India is besides a party to the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of the Child, 1959. India is besides a signer to: ILO Forced Labour Convention ( No. 29 ) ; ILO Abolition of Forced Labour Convention ( No. 105 ) ; UN Convention on the Rights of the Child ( CRC ) . World Declaration on the Survival, Protection and Development of Children. The Government of India adopted the National Policy for Children ( NPC ) in August 1974. This Policy provided that[ 6 ] It shall be the policy of the province to supply equal service to kids both before and after birth and through the period of their growing, to guarantee their full physical, mental and societal development. The State shall increasingly increase the range of such services so that, within a sensible clip, all kids in the state bask optimal conditions for their balanced growing. Indian is besides a party to United Nations Declaration on the Rights of the Child, 1959 and Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1992 and has formulated its labour Torahs in conformity to International Labour Conference declaration of 1979. The first portion of the paper aims to look into the assorted statute laws associating to child labor. In the 2nd portion we shall look into the assorted case in points set by the Supreme Court of India on the issue of child labor and eventually the decision. Chapter 1 CONSTITUTIONLA AND STATUTORY PROVISIONS Constitutional commissariats The authorities of India has enacted assorted labor Torahs has in conformity to International Labour Conference declaration of 1979. The Fundamental law of India, through assorted articles enshrined in the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policy, lays down that: Article 21 ( A ) The State shall supply free and mandatory instruction to all kids of the age six to 14 old ages ; Article 24 No kid below the age of 14 old ages shall be employed to work in any mill or mine or engaged in any other risky employment. The word risky employment in Art 24 besides includes building industry, besides in P.N. v. U.O.I[ 7 ], it has been laid down that Art 24 is enforceable even in the absence of implementing statute laws ;[ 8 ] Article 39 ( vitamin E ) States that the wellness and strength of workers, work forces and adult females, and the stamp age of kids are non abused and that citizens are non forced by economic necessity to come in by-lines unsuited to their age or strength ; Article 39 ( degree Fahrenheit ) States that childhood and young person are protected against development and against moral and material forsaking[ 9 ]. Hence Art 39 in whole requires the province to guarantee and protect the kids and supply proper kid attention. Article 45 The State shall endeavor to supply, within a period of 10 old ages from the beginning of this Constitution, for free and mandatory instruction for all kids until they complete the age of 14 old ages The framers of the Constitution imposed a responsibility on the State under Article 45 as one of the directing rules of the State Policy to supply free and mandatory instruction to all kids until they complete the age of 14 twelvemonth with the exclusive aim of wholly eliminating illiteracy and child labor. Besides many of the provinces had passed assorted Acts supplying for free and mandatory primary or simple instruction to kids. But unfortunately old ages after the beginning of the Constitution the end set by this Article which was to be achieved in 10 old ages, have yet non been reached. But the proviso in article 39 ( degree Fahrenheit ) and 45 of the fundamental law gave certain waies in supplying a better quality of life of kids employed in the mills. Labour statute laws The Child Labour ( Prohibition and Regulation ) Act, 1986: The Act prohibits the employment of kids below the age of 14 old ages in 13 businesss and 51 procedures that are risky to the kids s lives and wellness listed in the Agenda to the Act[ 10 ]. The Factories Act, 1948: The Act wholly prohibits kids working below the age of 14 old ages[ 11 ]. It farther provinces that if a kid is between 15 and 18 old ages of age, can be employed in a mill merely if he has a certification of fittingness granted with mention to him under subdivision 69 which is in the detention of the director of the mill. The Act besides says that no kid shall be employed or permitted to work, in any mill for more than four and a half hours in any twenty-four hours ; A The Mines Act, 1952: The Act prohibits the employment of kids in mines, who have non completed their 15th twelvemonth. The Juvenile Justice ( Care and Protection ) of Children Act, 2000: This Act was last amended in 2002 in conformance with the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child screens immature individuals below 18 old ages of age. Section 26 of this Act deals with the Exploitation of a Juvenile or Child Employee, and provides in relevant portion, that whoever procures a juvenile or the kid for the intent of any risky employment and keeps him in bondage and keep back his net incomes or utilizations such gaining for his ain intents shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may widen to three old ages and shall besides be apt for mulct. The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009: The Act provinces that all kids aged 6 to 14 old ages shall be provided free and mandatory instruction. It farther provinces that all private schools should allocated 25 per cent of their seats for deprived and otherwise abled kids. Chapters 2 Precedents set by Supreme Court Though the authorities of India has enacted assorted labour statute laws to forestall child labour still there are some contradiction among them, chiefly the definitional arguments on child labor as different statute law provide different definition of a child . Section 2 ( two ) of The Child Labour ( Prohibition and Regulation ) Act, 1986, defines child as a individual who has non completed his 14th twelvemonth of age ; Section 2 ( degree Celsius ) of The Factories Act, 1948 defines child as a individual who has non completed his 15th twelvemonth of age ; Section 2 ( vitamin E ) of The Mines Act, 1952 defines child as a individual who has non completed his 15th twelvemonth ; Section 2 ( degree Celsius ) of The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009, defines child as male or female kid of the age of six to fourteen old ages ; Section 2 ( K ) of The Juvenile Justice ( Care and Protection ) of Children Act, 2000 defines child as a individual who has non completed 18th twelvemonth of age ; Section 2 ( degree Celsius ) of The Plantations Labour Act, 1951 defines child as a individual who has non completed his 14th twelvemonth of age Therefore, we can clearly detect that these statute law are at contradiction to each other in specifying who s a kid and puting an unvarying age bound. Therefore the Centre and several province authoritiess should put a unvarying cosmopolitan minimal age of the kid as these contradictions adversely affect the aim of protection from child labors and supplying a better educational and societal development to kids of India. Following are few of of import Supreme Court instances that have helped in bordering better Torahs sing child labor: In Democratic Rights V. Union of India[ 12 ], it was contended that the Employment of Children Act, 1938 was non applicable in the affair of employment of kids in building plants, as it was non mentioned in the act. But the tribunal held even building work is a risky employment and no kid below the age of 14 old ages can be employed as given under Art 24 of the Indian Constitution, even though building industry has non been specified in the agenda to the Employment of kids Act, 1938, therefore the SC rejected the contention. In Salal Hydro Project vs. Jammu and Kashmir[ 13 ], the Court has restated the rule laid in Democratic Rights V. Union of India[ 14 ]that Construction work is risky employment and any kid below 14 can non be employed in this work. In Sheela Barse and others vs Union of India and others[ 15 ], Bhagawati, C.J. quoted from National Policy for the public assistance of Children incorporated to supply better societal and educational development to the kids of India: The Nation s kids a supremely of import plus. Their raising and solicitousness are our duty. Children s programme should happen a outstanding portion in our national programs for the development of human resources, so that our kids turn up to go robust citizens, physically fit, mentally watchful and morally healthy, endowed with the accomplishment and motives needed by society. Equal chances for development to all kids during the period of growing should be our purpose, for this would function our big intent of cut downing inequality and guaranting societal justness . In M.C. Mehta 5 State of Tamil Nadu A ; Ors[ 16 ], the SC gave way to the Union and province authoritiess to place all kids and retreat them from working in risky procedures and businesss, and to supply them with free and proper instruction as incorporated into the Constitution, Artcle 21-A. The Court besides directed the Union and province authoritiess to put up a Child Labour Rehabilitation-cum-Welfare Fund utilizing parts from employers who breach the Child Labour Act. In Unnikrishnan v. State of Andhra Pradesh,[ 17 ]the SC held that every kid has the right to free instruction till the age of 14 old ages. Artcle 21-A which was incorporated into the Constitution, reflects this criterion. Decision It is said that kid is the male parent of adult male , and the kids of our state are our biggest plus. The authorities of India has enacted several Torahs in order to supply healthy societal and educational environment for the kids. But in malice of all the Torahs enacted, job of kid labor still persists in our Indian society that is because child labour Torahs are themselves flawed in some manner or the other or suffer from hapless execution of programmes. Though awareness towards child labor has increased and now there are several NGO s seeking their best, but today what we require is to take concrete actions, the cardinal and several province authoritiess need to supply for better machinery for implementing child labour Torahs. Unless this is achieved our state wo nt be wholly free the load of child labor.

Histories of france and britain The WritePass Journal

Histories of france and britain INTRODUCTION Histories of france and britain INTRODUCTIONCHAPTER 1   Brief Immigration Histories of France and BritainChapter 2    The Nature of The State in France and BritainChapter 3 Legal and Political Frameworks of France and BritainChapter 4 – The Influence of the Media on Attitudes towards ImmigrationChapter 5 Exploring Current Attitudes towards ImmigrationCONCLUSIONBIBLIOGRAPHYRelated INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1   Brief Immigration Histories of France and Britain As a nation France has historically attracted migrants from both within and outside of Europe over the centuries. During the nineteenth century migrants flowed into France from neighbouring countries like Italy, Spain, Portugal, Belgium and Poland, encouraged by the regular opportunities for employment. A significant increase in immigration is evident as France began to rapidly industrialize in the 1850’s and the sudden demand for labour that was created by economic expansion and industrial growth could not be met internally. This process continued and increased in scale during the latter 1800’s and 1900’s as France established itself as a major European industrial nation. In 1851 foreigners accounted for around 1% of the total population; by the mid-1880s, this had trebled to nearly 3% (A G Hargreaves, 1995).   During the First World War France needed to actively recruit foreign workers in order to keep its infrastructure and war effort going and to maintain n ecessary supplies from, for example, its munitions factories. When the war ended foreign labour was still needed to lessen the huge impact caused to the domestic labour market by the loss of so many men in the fighting. Immigration was at a high point immediately following the war, but with the advent of the Great Depression in 1929, the whole of Europe, began to experience a serious and long-term period of economic depression. As France was also severely affected, the number of immigrant workers rapidly decreased as they began to search elsewhere for work. Some left willingly as the labour market contracted, whilst others were forcibly removed. By the late 1950s and 1960s, as the economy recovered, the French Government once again recognised the need for immigrants to assist with France’s economic reconstruction. France relied upon migrant workers to meet labour shortages fill low-paid employment into positions that it was otherwise difficult to fill. Initially French politicians and planners intended to meet Frances need for labour by encouraging European immigrants to settle rather than look elsewhere, however, growing levels of prosperity in Europe meant that less and less Italians, Spaniards, Portuguese etc. were attracted to France. The government were therefore forced to look towards migrants from the French colonies and former colonies in North Africa and South-East Asia to fill the labour gap. As in Britain, colonialism created the simplest and most effective channel for labour migration into France. As a major colonial power, France could quickly and efficiently enlist a potential workforce from its colonies and protectorates, particularly the Maghreb (North-West Africa: Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia). By the middle of the 1950s those from the Maghreb region were the most significant group of immigrants moving into France. A huge proportion of those choosing to migrate to France were from Algeria, one of the most important members of the French colonial empire. However, immigration from the Maghreb was different in that unlike pre-war immigrant populations who were almost entirely men, those from the Maghreb began to bring their families over to settle in France too. From the 1970s onwards France witnessed the increase in women from other countries moving to France to be reunited with their husbands and fathers and reuniting as families. These employees were unfortunately also frequently the first to be laid off in the 1980’s as the economy again slowed down. Perhaps in part due to its position as an island, Britain’s significant immigration history is similar though much shorter. Throughout the 19th century census records identify a small but regular trickle of immigrants from all over Europe. Immigrants from further afield were generally part of the slave trade and would not be identified in any census. Slavery was effectively outlawed in 1807, but it was not until 1833 that the Slavery Abolition Act was passed by Parliament, which banned slavery throughout the British Empire and its abolition meant a virtual halt to the movement of black people into Britain. This coincided with a small increase in migrants from Europe, however, immigration by Europeans did not take place in significant numbers. However, we began to see significant levels of immigration during and after both the First and Second World Wars. During both of these conflicts, many thousands of men from across the Empire made the journey to Britain in order to enlist and fight for what they considered to be ‘their country’. India alone provided 1.3 million soldiers to fight in the First World War, 138,000 serving on the Western Front. During the Second World War, almost 60,000 British merchant seamen came from the sub-continent (http://news.bbc.co.uk, 2002). Some of these men stayed in Britain following the end of the war and small immigrant communities established themselves around the port areas. At that time there was no specific legislation regarding immigration but the British establishment did not seem overly enthusiastic. As the Second World War ended, just like in France, the labour market had been decimated by the loss of so many soldiers, and the government began looking again towards immigrants to fill those gaps. A significant number of Polish immigrants were the first to settle in the UK, partly due to the links made during the war. Italians also settled into small communities but not in sufficient numbers to meet the employment need. West Indian men, demonstrating a deep patriotism towards Britain and its Empire, had been keen to migrate in order to fight in the war and as the war ended, their lack of prospects at home and feelings of unity led them to seek to work and stay in the UK. The government needed these men to join Britain’s depleted workforce, although officially immigration from the rapidly shrinking Empire was being discouraged. As mass immigration continued in the 1950s, incidents of prejudice and of racial tension exploded into widespread racism and racial violence in the U K. Until then, legislation had allowed people from the Empire and Commonwealth, who at that time all held British Passports, unrestricted access to Britain. Facing public outcry and political pressure, the government continued to pass successive laws making it more and more difficult for non-white immigrants to enter the country. By 1972, legislation meant that a British passport holder born overseas could only settle in Britain if they, firstly, had a work permit and, secondly, could prove that a parent or grandparent had been born in the UK. (news.bbc.co.uk, 2002) In effect, this meant that children of white families from the British Empire and Commonwealth could migrate to Britain whereas those of black parentage were denied entry. So it can be seen that historically, immigration into both Britain and France shares the same roots in terms of being vital to the workforce and development of both countries at times of need. Where they differ is that France has a much longer history of welcoming migrant workers over a period of at least a hundred years whereas Britain’s interest is much more recent.   Immigration into Britain was relatively unpopular as people who were different seemed to be instantly treated with fear and mistrust whereas until the late sixties immigration into France was largely depoliticized and seen as an essential but economic bonus. Up until the early seventies it was anticipated that in time the migrant workers from North and Sub-Saharan Africa would eventually return to their countries of origin, but as it became apparent that a large number intended to settle permanently, public opinion began to change. The French government responded to increasing public concern by, strengthening its immigration policy and by 1977 had introduced legislation to prohibit all inward immigration. Rapidly, immigration into France had shifted from a generally positive matter of economics into a serious social problem, and the attitudes of the French towards immigrants began to parallel those of the British. Chapter 2    The Nature of The State in France and Britain One of the most fundamental differences between France and Britain is the nature of the state. In the 1880 the term ‘laicità ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ was first used in France following ‘Le crise du seize Mai’ in1877, which was effectively the birth of Republicanism in France, in order to ensure that policies developed were not inspired by religious concerns.   In 1905 France fully separated the functions of the Church and the State by passing a law that prohibited the state from formally recognizing or funding any religion or religious organisation that existed to further its religious beliefs. ‘Laicità ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ is a concept that is enshrined in the French constitution (Article 1) and remains central to the modern French Republic and a powerful political driving force. The word laicità © is difficult to translate directly into English as it encompasses a whole concept, but it is derived from the word ‘layman’ i.e. not part of the clergy.   Its closest t ranslation in terms of ideology is that of ‘secularism’, but this does not really convey its full meaning.   Essentially, laicità © insists upon the strict separation of state from church, i.e. to have no state religion so that the state officially sees religion as a private matter. In this way France differs considerably from Britain: whereby in Britain the Queen is not only the Head of State but is also the head of the Church of England, giving the church a formal role in the administration of the state, whilst the Catholic Church has no such status in the French Republic, despite the fact that a high proportion of French people are Catholics. This clear difference in state ideology obviously leads to significant differences in approaches to issues of legislation and cultural approaches to social policy. As a ‘secular’ state, France’s approach to immigration and issues of diversity was to follow a clear assimilation model. It is important to the French that one is a citizen first and a full participant in the wider French community and that any form of religious or sub group identity is not sanctioned or otherwise encouraged by the state. In France, as a French citizen you are expected to ‘leave cultural and ethnic differences at the border and are theoretically seamlessly assimilated into the republic. The ideology is that everyone is equal before a state that is blind to colour, race and religion’ (www.guardian.co.uk, 2010).   Ethnic minorities do not officially exist in France as it is constitutionally illegal to classify or count people by ethnicity, but the huge difference between this ideological view and the reality of discrimination was becoming a problem in France. Whilst immigration remained a frequently solitary and male dominated process of migrating as an individual, separated from links with home and family, in order to work,   assimilation did not appear to have been problematic and therefore did not really present a challenge to the country’s equilibrium. However, with the changes to patterns of migration which involved more families and, over time, the building of new communities of immigrants, particularly focussed in the poor ‘banlieux’, whole generations of young people of immigrant descent have been effectively ‘ghettoised’ and it appears that it is this that has encouraged third and fourth generation young people from immigrant families to seek their own identity and align themselves with religious or geographic communities as a response to the discrimination which does not exist in theory but which is blatantly apparent in reality. In contrast to this Britain adopted a multiculturalism approach to diversity. Such an ideology attempts to create unity through difference, theorising that although a nations sub cultures may be diverse, they should all be celebrated and embraced as they share common values. The two approaches are quite different and France (assimilation) and Britain (multiculturalism) are often used for comparative analysis as both adopt quite clearly identified models of these two approaches. The world continually refers back to these two countries in order to weigh the pros and cons of each social model. With both countries ferociously defending their particular model, and with other countries disagreeing over the relative merits of each, the debate continues. Interestingly however, despite the application of two very different models and responses to immigration and diversity, both France and Britain appear to be facing similar dilemmas, problems and attitudes within their own countries towards i mmigration as a social issue. *Other relevant cultural issues and differences like religion, family, education etc and how they relate to attitudes and public opinion. *Nationalism France’s assimilation model plays to Nationalist attitudes. Britain as an Island- small within Europe but wanting to be influential. Self protection ideologies also play into the hands of Nationalism. Chapter 3 Legal and Political Frameworks of France and Britain Since the 1970’s both France and Britain have focussed increasingly on immigration policy and a raft of legislation has followed: In France during the eighties, under a left wing government there was a movement of compassion for immigrant labourers living alone for years, away from their families and a policy of   Regroupement   Familial (family regrouping) was developed through Jacques Chirac and made law on 29/4/1976,   under the principle that it is a right for each person to have a normal family life. By 1977 the policy had been revised and it was further modified in December 1984, 24 August 1993 and May 11 1998. This successive legislation not only dealt with the integration of immigrants into France by reaffirming the principles of Republicanism and laicità ©, but also demonstrated concerted efforts to ensure assimilation through state control rather than rely upon integration simply following on as a result of residence and education. From the late seventies, ch anging political fortunes of both left and right wing governments had led to constant reinstatement and reversal of immigration policy and this impacted significantly on integration issues. Indeed France created somewhat of a record for legislative change and counter reversal in terms of immigration policy. In 1993 a right wing coalition gained power, and following the increasingly popular Front Nationale demands for the expulsion of immigrants from France, the response from Charles Pasqua, interior minister, was immigration zero. He later qualified this statement to mean zero illegal immigration, but the intentions behind such policy and legislation were quite apparent. The so-called Pasqua Laws denied foreign graduates the opportunity of taking up jobs offered by French employers and provided only limited residence rights to foreign employees, increased the waiting period for immigrant families’ ‘reunification’ from twelve months to two years, and refused resid ence permits to unifying migrants who were in the country illegally. The legislation also increased the powers of the police to deport foreigners. The election of Jacques Chirac, a conservative right wing president in 1995 continued the course of limiting immigration channels. As the far right Front Nationale, led by Jean Marie Le Pen, focussing on an anti immigrant agenda began to rise in popularity, the conservative right responded by adopting some of the issues highlighted as important to the French electorate, notably furthering immigration control. In 1997 Lionel Jospin, a Socialist was voted in as Prime Minister which led to the National Assembly reconsidering their position on immigration policy. The new government commissioned a report on ‘L’immigration et la nationalite’ by Patrick Weil a prominent political scientist. The report highlighted that the Pasqua Laws deprived France the opportunity to benefit from the highly skilled international employee mar ket through policies which made it difficult for foreign students and professionals to settle in France. The report’s recommendations led the way for new immigration law passed in 1998. The new legislation afforded special immigration status to highly skilled foreign scholars and scientists and loosened entry conditions for certain categories of highly skilled foreign professionals, whilst simultaneously aiming to fight illegal immigration. Another significant change was that under the Pasqua Laws, children born to immigrant parents in France had to apply for French citizenship, whereas, under the new 1998 legislation, such children would be automatically granted French citizenship at the age of 18. Since 1945, the French Constitution (Articles 21-24) had dictated that in order to be naturalized an immigrant would need to demonstrate their assimilation to the French community by learning French. Whilst Interior Minister, Nicolas Sarkozy passed laws in 2003 to broaden this, with the additional requirement to demonstrate an understanding and knowledge of the rights and duties of a French citizen. This requirement was further extended in legislation passed by Sarkozy at a time when he was still interior minister but looking towards standing in the presidential elections. This latest legislation in 2007 also required a contract for family unification to be entered into, with sanctions for non compliance, and the requirement to complete an eight week course which was an evaluation of language ability and the values of the Republic before leaving their country of origin (Schain 2008: 57). Prior to 1962, the British Nationality Act of 1948 identified a Commonwealth citizen and British subject as interchangeable. A British passport holder was identified as a subject of   the United Kingdom and Colonies, which implied that a member of the Commonwealth, as a British subject, was   entitled to live and work in the United Kingdom if they so chose. The Conservative government in power from 1954 to 1961 were strongly pro-commonwealth and saw no need to legislate to control immigration. However, among working class Britons opinion was shifting strongly in favour of limiting non white immigration. As public opinion became stronger the Government were put under increasing pressure to introduce immigration control measures. Despite the fact that Labour won the elections in late 1964, they had only a very small majority and were therefore vulnerable to populist pressure exerted by right wing militants. Sir Cyril Osborne, Conservative MP for Louth proposed a new bill   to â⠂¬Ëœintroduce periodic and precise limits on immigration’ and thus deny entry to Britain of all Commonwealth, immigrants other than those whose parents and grandparents were born in Britain. Although Sir Osborne’s views were generally accepted as somewhat extreme, the Conservative party backed his proposals .The Bill was defeated in March 1965 at its first reading, but soon after the Labour Government itself introduced a White Paper which proposed similar changes to the 1962 Act. The 1965 White Paper signalled the end of immigration for unskilled workers. It also introduced new limitations and regulations on foreign students, dependants of immigrants and visitors to Britain. Compulsory health checks were also introduced for new migrants and the Home Secretary was afforded new powers to remove and repatriate migrants to their countries of origin. However, as the economy began to recover and public opinion cooled, Britain saw the publication of a further ‘Race Rela tions Act’ in 1968. This Act of Parliament shifted the focus from control to reducing racial tensions and tackling discrimination. It made it illegal to refuse public services, housing or work to someone on the basis of their colour, race, ethnicity or nationality and created the Community Relations Commission to promote multi racial harmony. This was the point at which political argument moved firmly away from immigration control to the management and improvement of race relations. The British current approach to integration was developed through this consensus between the two major political parties. This approach adopted a race-relations, or multicultural focus. Integration was seen in British policy more in terms of dealing with access to and eradicating discrimination of resource allocation. The Race Relations Act of 1965 focussed upon the provision of a public body to ensure fairness and advocacy in such issues. The Race Relations Act was further extended in 1968 and again in1976 to provide a clear way forward and bipartisan approach to immigration, race, and multiculturalism. The term race in Britain was clearly applied to those of Asian and African commonwealth origin and from the 1950s political debates had focussed on coloured immigration. This way of differentiating between European and effectively black and Asian immigrant populations was identical to that of France. However, they differed in that the concept of race and ethnicity in Britain was inco rporated into the formal policy framework of law. Where the countries differed much more starkly was in approach. Britain firmly established itself as supporting a multicultural rather than assimilation based model. In 1966 Roy Jenkins, then home secretary stated: I do not think that we need in this country a melting pot. I define integration therefore, not as a flattening process of assimilation but as equal opportunity, accompanied by cultural diversity, in an atmosphere of mutual tolerance (Benton 1985: 71). By the 1980s, the education system had lent their considerable support to multiculturalism, which was by now firmly embedded in the legal system. Roy Jenkins’ view was reiterated in educational reports, Particularly the Swann Report in 1985 which identified the negative effect of racism upon the education of black children in the United Kingdom. In 1997 the Commission on the Future of Multi-Ethnic Britain produced a report which positively identified the United Kingdom to be a community of communities, thus reinforcing a multicultural approach very different from the assimilation model of France. It is interesting that despite these two very different models, by October 2008 a European Pact on Immigration and Asylum had been signed by 27 EU heads of Government to include those of both France and Britain and it is reported that Nicolas Sarcozy stressed that   ‘Cest la premià ¨re dà ©monstration dune volontà © commune et dune vision densemble en matià ¨re dimmigration’ (Le Figaro, 2008) Chapter 4 – The Influence of the Media on Attitudes towards Immigration 2005 riots in France France wearing of headscarf etc Role of the media – use current newspaper tv info to compare media reporting and influence Chapter 5 Exploring Current Attitudes towards Immigration In order to explore current attitudes towards immigration, I decided to carry out a questionnaire to explore differing attitudes between English and French students on key issues regarding immigration.   On reviewing the available literature and data, it is clear that there has been a significant amount of exploration of these issues via major international surveys   for example the European Social Survey, Transatlantic Trends in Immigration, the Institute for Public Policy Research, TNS Sofres etc. The Outcomes of current Transatlantic Trends research released in February this year indicated that English attitudes towards immigration are more negative than our French counterparts. It identified that One in five UK respondents regarded immigration to be one of the most important issues facing the UK today. 68% of respondents in the UK are worried about illegal immigration and 36% concerned about legal immigration. 70% of UK respondents reported ‘poor’ or ‘very poor’ management of immigration by the government as opposed to 58% of French. This research is significant as it suggests that although attitudes towards immigration are more negative in Britain, public opinion in France is rapidly changing and aligning itself with that of the UK. (see appendix ) The biannual European Social Survey appeared to provide the most consistent survey data since respondents in all the European countries concerned were asked the same standardised questions and their results compared year on year. Most of the other survey results I considered were not directly comparable as they were drawing from different surveys completed in separate countries and comparing on the basis of ‘similar’ questioning or even different questioning on the general subject of immigration. On further investigation it became apparent that the European Social Survey consisted of core modules and rotating modules. Unfortunately, although the 2002 survey contained a module specifically concerned with immigration, this rotating module has not been included in any of the four surveys completed since then. This is relevant as research also seems to indicate that, although more negative in Britain, attitudes towards immigration in France and Britain are narrowing rapidly. I therefore decided to use the ESS immigration module to provide a series of questions for my questionnaire. I chose questions that were the most relevant to my own research and interests in the subject. By using these questions I was able to ensure that the format of the questions (in both French and English) had been properly formulated and tested to ensure accurate comparison. The other advantage of using questions from the 2002 ESS was that my results could be directly compared with the main conclusions of that survey. In this way my research, though it will only provide qualitative data due to the limited scope of it, will contribute in some small way towards a better understanding of the difference in attitudes between French and English young people and explore their perceptions in some detail. For my study, I prepared a questionnaire of 16 main questions and asked a random group of English and   French students to complete them. The French students were those on exchange placements currently studying in England, and the English students were those who had undertaken a period of study in France. This decision was taken in order to get some degree of similarity between the groups. I followed ethical guidelines and ensured confidentiality. (This was particularly important if I was to be able to get honest attitudes and views from respondents – as the subject matter is clearly both personally and politically sensitive.) Clearly my research only provides limited information. It is not directly comparable with the European Social Survey as my respondents were drawn from a particular group (language students) rather than the general public. My research is also on a very small scale and the views and attitudes of such a small number of respondents cannot realistically be extrapolated to form more general statements. However, my research provides a good degree of qualitative information as well as some limited qualitative data based results. I will therefore present my findings more as a narrative and draw some limited conclusions from them. My own research involved a total of xx respondents, xx British students and xx French students. Each were given a copy of the questionnaire (either appendix 1 or appendix 2 depending upon language spoken). It was explained to each volunteer that their questionnaires would be treated in strict confidence and that they were not individually identifiable in any way and that completed questionnaires would only be seen by the researcher. It was also made clear that any conclusions drawn would be of a general nature only. Each separate question also provided for a ‘don’t know’ answer to allow recipients to effectively avoid any question they were not happy to answer but enable them to still complete the rest of the questionnaire. As can be seen from the table of results, there was little significant difference between French and British respondents to questions   xxxxxx   . Thus indicating generally similar attitudes between the countries. It is also interesting that the responses of the British students were not noticeably more negative than those of their French counterparts. This may indicate further narrowing of views internationally or it may simply indicate that educated students with an interest in language are likely to hold views that align more easily with similar others abroad than with those from different backgrounds in their own countries.   Question xxx  Ã‚   very interesting because etc . Differences and similarities The most significant result is . The results of my small piece of research suggest that however as such a limited and specific piece of work, firm conclusions cannot be reliably drawn. Further research in this area would be useful to explore to what extent attitudes are changing and converging and this could then be compared with media and political influence as these may well be highly influential on public opinion. CONCLUSION KEY LITERATURE REVIEW BIBLIOGRAPHY http://news.bbc.co.uk/english/in-depth/uk/2002/short history of immigration.stm Article for BBC – The deep roots of French secularism by Henri Astier   -1 September 2004. ESRC Centre on Migration, Policy and Society, Working Paper 45, University of Oxford, 2007. France 24 report on October 4 2007, Great Britain divided on the impact of immigration. Report for Expatica.com – Tests Gauge attitudes towards immigration 16/12/2009. Schain, M. A. (2008). The Politics of Immigration in France, Britain, and the United States: A Comparative Study. New York: Palgrave Macmillan Banton Michael, (1985) Promoting Racial Harmony: Cambridge University Press Europeansocialsurvey.org http://ess.nsd.uib.no/ess/round1/fieldwork.html A.G. Hargreaves, Immigration, `Race and Ethnicity in Contemporary France (London: Routledge, 1995) www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/nov/16/france-racism-immigration-sarkozy.CMP=twt-gu lefigaro.fr/politique/2008/10/16/01002-20081016ARTFIG00451-immigration-le-grand-jour-europeen-d-hortefeux-.php

7 Packaging Label Errors

7 Packaging Label Errors 7 Packaging Label Errors 7 Packaging Label Errors By Mark Nichol Considering the countless labeled products of all kinds available in sundry stores, it’s astonishingly rare to find a typographical error or similar mistake on packaging. Accidents do happen, however especially in the case of products manufactured and packaged overseas as the following images attest. Gratuitous quotation marks, usually seen on handwritten signs because of the sign maker’s misguided intention to â€Å"highlight† key words, are virtually unknown on printed packaging. Here’s an exception; perplexingly, whoever was responsible for labeling this tomato sauce considered it necessary to emphasize tomato. This strategy, however, often has an effect opposite to that intended; enclosing a word in quotation marks implies that the product is ersatz imitation tomato sauce, anybody? Furthermore, each word in the primary line of identification (I’m sure the advertising industry has catchy jargon for this feature) in this case, â€Å"‘Tomato’ sauce† is generally initially capitalized if the line is not rendered entirely in uppercase letters, so sauce should be promoted to Sauce. (There are also a couple of errors at the end of the ingredient list: In many countries, a comma, rather than a period, is used to denote a decimal, but this Italian product’s text should have been Anglicized; also, no letter space should separate the percentage figure from the percent sign.) How’s that for customer service? A word with four letters as opposed to a four-letter word, which is something else entirely apparently the only text on what appears to be a small metal pail, is misspelled. (I guess the manufacturer’s proofreader was absent from work that day.) To try to make amends, the store management props to some vigilant employee! reduces the product’s price. Frankly, I would pay dearly for this word-nerd collector’s item. The apostrophe in Mini’s is extraneous, but the perhaps deliberate error is understandable but not excusable: Minis looks awkward (â€Å"What’s a min-iss?†). How about just Mini, though? Such a prominent error on a package produced by a major corporation and featuring such sophisticated packaging design is very nearly astounding, considering that RCA and the like have entire departments devoted to vetting advertising and marketing content; I once proofed packaging for a (smaller) company myself. In addition, multidirectional needs no hyphen, but trying to eradicate that ubiquitous anachronism like most prefixes, multi- was originally attached to root words with a hyphen is a lost cause. Geak? I admit misspelling nerd in my college newspaper, but this is absurd. (And anyone who wears this geaky Halloween gear is a freek.) Yes, yes, Merriam-Webster’s Online cites mantle as a variant spelling for the word for the structure over a fireplace, but that’s an observation, not an endorsement. Let’s maintain the distinction between mantel and mantle, which share an etymology but among careful writers, at least have unique meanings. Who among us doesn’t want a slimer body? Let’s just hope it doesn’t turn our body black, like that slimed-down silhouette. These images are from the websites Apostrophe Abuse, English Fail Blog, The â€Å"Blog† of â€Å"Unnecessary† Quotation Marks, and Wordsplosion.com, as well as from Daily Writing Tips reader thebluebird11. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What Does [sic] Mean?How to Pronounce Mobile15 English Words of Indian Origin

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Biologics PRODUCTION AND MARKET - Essay Example epresent a significant proportion of the pharmaceutical market according to Aagaard, Purdy, and Philpott (2010) who cite that in 2007 American consumers reportedly spent approximately $40 billion on biologics constituting about 13.9 percent of the overall money spent on prescription drugs. The statistics further show an increase in the use and prescription of biologics in the coming years. Visiongain, an international company, predicted that the market share of the biologics would immensely increase over these years. According to the statistical data, these biologics will reach an estimated 178.4 billion by 2017. It was also found that biologics formed 15% of the pharmaceutical market in the year 2012 (Visiongain, 2013). Another report put forward by Allied Market Research also found out that the market of biologics would increase drastically over the years to come. According to Allied Market Research, it is estimated that the share would increase from a total of $1.3 billion in 2013 to $35 billion by the year 2020. This clearly shows that the demand for biologics will keep on increasing as time is passing by (Market Watch, 2015). According to the forecasts, this has increased from $46 billion to $169 billion in the year of 2012 and is further expected to increase to $221 billion by 2017. Following is the graphical data which shows the forecast of biologics between th e years of 2004 till 2017. However despite the success of biologics in the field of healthcare, there has been much debate regarding the approval of and patenting of the relevant technology. Biologics go through a fast track approval process which greatly speeds the process. Much of the criticism pertaining to fast track approval procedure for biologics focuses on safety concerns which are ignored during the fast process. According to the FDA (2011), the fast track procedure is to allow for speedy approval of biologics for treatment of life-threatening diseases and hence is required due to necessity.

Finding differences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Finding differences - Essay Example This report presents a comprehensive review of financial statements of three companies, which are operating in US, UK and France respectively and follow the financial reporting frameworks applicable in the said countries. Caterpillar Incorporation is a US based company headquartered in Peoria. The company is engaged in the business of manufacturing and selling machinery and equipments related to construction industry (Yahoo Finance, 2013). The three companies considered in this report, as stated earlier, are based in three different countries which have different financial reporting frameworks applicable for financial reporting of corporate entities. In the United States of America, corporate entities are required to report their financial statements in accordance with the principles and guidance presented under U.S. GAAP. The framework provided in U.S. GAAP is thus the primary accounting or financial reporting framework in the US. On the other hand, in the United Kingdom, business entities are required to report their financial statements in accordance with the principles and guidance presented under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The standards provided under IFRS are collectively regarded as the financial reporting framework to which business entities operating in the UK adhere. Lastly, in France, French GAAP are used by corporate entities to prepare their respective sets of financial statements (Nobes et al., 2008; Radebaugh & Gray, 2008). Due to the difference in financial reporting frameworks of the companies selected in this report, there are a number of differences in their financial statements’ structure and other reporting and valuation related matters. These differences are discussed in the following sections. All three companies have different names for income statement; in Caterpillar’s financial statements, it is named as â€Å"Results of Operations†, in Glaxo

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Just answer an question - Essay Example Value hedonism is a basic principle of Utilitarianism, which provides that the rightness or wrongness of an action is determined by the intrinsic value that would be obtained from such an action, where the intrinsic value is measurable based on the happiness index. Thus, based on this principle, the Ford Motor Company’s decision not to make an improvement on its defective gas tank design because the costs of improving the design outweighed its benefits is right and moral, since it gave happiness to the company. On the other hand consequentialism is an important aspect of the Utilitarianism, where the rightness or wrongness of an act is also judged, based on how good or bad the consequences it produces are. The fundamental aspect of Utilitarianism regarding consequentialism is the fact that; good intentions do not matter in determining the rightness of an action, as long as good consequences are obtainable. Therefore, based on this principle, the Ford Motor Company’s decision is good, since despite the intention of the action, the consequences were good, since the company did not incur the extra costs. However, through applying the Utilitarianism concept of universality, all individuals to be affected by the consequences of an action are deemed morally relevant. Thus, considering the Ford Motor Company’s decision would impact negatively on the customers of the company, then it is morally wrong. This view point is emphasized by the impartialism principle of Utilitarianism, which requires that all individual affected by the action should count equally, as regards the consequences of an action. This being the case, the Ford Motor Company’s decision is immoral, since its consequences do not grant the customers of the company equal happiness, as it does to the

Documenting the Crime Scene Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Documenting the Crime Scene - Research Paper Example The responding offer must assess the scene and treat it as a crime scene through remaining cautious and observing events, potential evidence, persons, and vehicles (Horswell, 2010). According to Orthmann & Hess (2012), the initial responding officer is expected to take not of the physical location, time, address and date of the crime and make observations such as smell and sounds at the scene. Accordingly, the responding officer must take protective and safety measures by remaining attentive while scanning the area for any dangers such as natural gas, gasoline or hazardous chemicals that entail smells and sounds (Pepper, 2010). The next step is provision of medical attention to the victims of the crime without contaminating the scene and minimizing contact with the evidence such as knife tears and bullet holes (Orthmann & Hess, 2012). The officer can take statements from witnesses, the victim and suspects that are at the crime scene and victims or suspects that are sent to health facilities must be accompanied by enforcement officials in order to preserve the evidence (Ogle, 2011). The next step is securing and controlling the scene through limiting the access and movements and separating the suspects and witnesses, removing bystanders, family members and medical personnel in order to prevent scene contamination and destruction of evidence (Dale & Becker, 2007). The responding offers will then put physical barriers to the points of entry and document all people entering the scene.

Explain the principal mistakes of Hitler during World War Two. How Essay

Explain the principal mistakes of Hitler during World War Two. How could Nazi Germany have won the war (c. 1000 words) - Essay Example But what he gave the German people was more death, more destruction. His multiple mistakes in starting and prosecution the Second World War led to a new and this time total defeat for Germany. This essay will examine a number of those mistakes and show just where Hitler went wrong. Hitler made numerous mistakes during his period of leadership, but among the most blatant and serious was attacking the Soviet Union in 1941. Since the remilitarization of the Rhineland in 1936, Hitler had been on a role. He had successfully annexed Austria and Czechoslovakia, and he had managed what seemed impossible the invasion of Poland and France. His western front was threatened only by Britain which was back on his heels. Therefore his major concern was with the Eastern front. There he had secured peace with Stalin in the Ribbentrop-Molotov compact which had divided Poland. Stalin didnt care what Hitler did to Europe; as far as he was concerned, Hitler could take the whole continent so long as there was peace between the two men. It was therefore a serious error for Hitler to declare war on the Soviet Union. To be fair, he thought that Stalins purges of the army has massively weakened the Soviet Unions defences. Nevertheless, the lesson had been well learnt by Napoleon 150 ye ars earlier, that Russia was never an easy place to invade and that the brutal winters made it very hard to hold ground there. Hitler thought his invasion of the Soviet Union could be complete within a few months, but he overestimated the speed and equipment at the disposal of the Wehrmacht. At Stalingrad, the Soviet army delayed the Germans long enough to effectively freeze them out and encircle the Sixth Army—a devastating blow. Hitler refused to listen to many of his best generals—a crucial error. This is a good illustration of one of Hitlers most significant errors: he never knew when to stop and consolidate his victories. He became

Documenting the Crime Scene Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Documenting the Crime Scene - Research Paper Example The responding offer must assess the scene and treat it as a crime scene through remaining cautious and observing events, potential evidence, persons, and vehicles (Horswell, 2010). According to Orthmann & Hess (2012), the initial responding officer is expected to take not of the physical location, time, address and date of the crime and make observations such as smell and sounds at the scene. Accordingly, the responding officer must take protective and safety measures by remaining attentive while scanning the area for any dangers such as natural gas, gasoline or hazardous chemicals that entail smells and sounds (Pepper, 2010). The next step is provision of medical attention to the victims of the crime without contaminating the scene and minimizing contact with the evidence such as knife tears and bullet holes (Orthmann & Hess, 2012). The officer can take statements from witnesses, the victim and suspects that are at the crime scene and victims or suspects that are sent to health facilities must be accompanied by enforcement officials in order to preserve the evidence (Ogle, 2011). The next step is securing and controlling the scene through limiting the access and movements and separating the suspects and witnesses, removing bystanders, family members and medical personnel in order to prevent scene contamination and destruction of evidence (Dale & Becker, 2007). The responding offers will then put physical barriers to the points of entry and document all people entering the scene.

Early American History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Early American History - Essay Example It all depended on which next male heir was available to fulfill the position. Women did not hold any government positions. These were only restricted to males within the tribes (Native Languages of the Americas). While men were out warring for the tribe, hunting for food, trading good with other tribes, and governing the people, women were responsible for the care of the children and overseeing domestic matters. They were responsible for the welfare of the family as a whole. They saw to it that meals were prepared and that their husbands were well cared for. Nothing has ever been said about women owning property, as the Algonquin's were nomadic people. They moved about quite a bit, as they had to settle were the food supply was greatest (Native Language of the Americas). As far as economics was concerned, these people primarily survived on trading. Some of the items that they traded were beadworks, tobacco, and other goods with other neighboring tribes, such as the Iroquois, whenever they were not warring with them (Native Language of the Americas). The political, social, and economic characteristics of the Iroquois were very similar to the Algonquin's; however, there were a few differences. Like the Algonquin's, the Iroquois engaged in trading, and their tribes were led by chiefs. ... Unlike the Algonquin people, the Iroquois were not nomadic. While they did hunt for food, their farming lifestyle enabled them to reside in one place (Native Languages of the Americas). Though the Iroquois were led by chiefs, their government was very similar to the United States government of today. As a matter of fact, some of the characteristics of our government were derived from the Iroquois Confederacy. While the Algonquin chiefs were only selected through heredity, Iroquois chief were elected, just as people are elected for offices today. While women were not able to be chiefs, they were certainly allowed to vote (Native Languages of the Americas). The social, political, and economic characteristics of the Muskogee Indians were pretty much the same as those of the Iroquois but with a few subtle differences. Men hunted and fought for the protection of their people, while women stayed behind to care for the families. Just like Iroquois women, Muskogee women grew crops for consumption. On the other hand, Muskogee women did not own their own property, and they did not participate in the election of government officials, nor did they hold government positions (Net Industries). When comparing the sexual divisions of labor of the English settlers, the Iroquois, and the societies of Western Africa, we can see that while there are some similarities, there are also some drastic differences. One similarity that all three groups share is that the women stayed home and cared for the needs of the family. They made sure the members of the family were well fed, as they were the cooks of the house, and they cared for the children. The men always held high positions in government, and they had more authority in society. The differences, however, were the English

Psy-Trance in the Realm of Disco Essay Example for Free

Psy-Trance in the Realm of Disco Essay Admittedly so, being myself no less a stranger than a fan of the latent psychedelic rave culture of the last decade, with its steady pounding trance-inducing techno-grove, I was altogether rather curious to discover just what kind of a picture that Richard Dryer had to present in his famous essay (Dryer, 1979). For years, before they lost most of their covert appeal, stealing away to a Rave was somewhat popular for my generation; at least in the places where I grew up. So there was just something exciting to me, anticipating what he was about to relate of this earlier pop culture often rumored to share the same DNA of the psy-trance music of today’s Technocratic Age. It seems as if disco, understandably at its time a more readily accessible form of escapism had also quickly spread to far off distant lands overseas. It was probably the anticipation of some new and exotic twist that I was about to discover of the past that suddenly had my head inadvertently bobbing back and forth to some memorable however invisible beat. It seems to happen almost instinctually that way. Somehow, even before I turned the first page, my mind wandered to that pounding ecstasy-driven scene at the very beginning of the movie Blade, 1 where the music intense as it is drives the scene so powerfully that you just cannot stand still. There is just slightest sense of horror though, because everybody including the audience knows the inevitable; except that careless fool who has allowed lust to direct him into a den of vampires. The strobe lights pierce the atmosphere bouncing off the ceiling and all over the walls; forcing a familiar rush of anxiety. Soon, he is set to become their latest entree. It’s that environment of undisputable cool, the fashion, and the excitement that I love, but you can keep the blood. Dyer employs the analysis of a socialist and goes to great lengths to dissuade any notions that disco is just some crude form of capitalist production. He then launches into his narrative charging disco with three distinct characteristics: egotism – romanticism – and materialism. Although he somewhat claims that his argument is not as simple as capitalism is evil, in time you get the sense that Dyer really believes that all music is created with some measure of subversive super-sexual intent in mind. Disco he calls â€Å"naked eroticism† (Ibid). However, he sees it in a better light than the simple patriarchal rhythms of rock and roll, â€Å"rock’s eroticism is thrusting, grinding – it is not whole body, but phallic†¦ even when preformed by women – rock remains indelibly phallocentric music† (Ibid). The movement and the culture which would grow up around this musical genre are shown in light of a powerful force that would ultimately come to influence the future of gay politics in the United States. Suddenly, I had found that unexpected nuance from out of disco’s past that I was searching for. In the end, he states his case. Disco he believes has an ability to celebrate the intensity of romantic adoration and the lament of being let down at the same time. It is the tension between the two that he seems to be reaching for. All that I know, is that when I used to hit those clubs late at night, I just wanted to dance. If Dyer seems to take a hatchet to this subject, in Do It (‘Til You’re Satisfied): Repetitive Musics and Recombinant Desires, Susan McClary employs a scalpel. However, her unique intellectual dexterity makes her tool that much more devastating. She neatly deconstructs old arguments that she seems to believe were built upon over-wrought modalities of Western tradition; that have today simply gone astray. Disco is placed along the side of other â€Å"repetition-driven [pursuits] of ecstasy(p7)† along with the avant-garde minimalist schools of thought coming out of the 1960’s. 2 McClary dives into a narrative that focuses upon stripping away illusions. She gives us a nice panoramic view of the minimalist history and the creative motives that evolved into the psy-trance music that became known as disco. At the heart of her prolonged study is a reliance upon what she calls an â€Å"analytical argument (p7) †¦ built around an in-dept comparison of form and process in Steve Reich’s Music for Eighteen Musicians (1999) and Donna Summers [and Moroder’s] Love to Love You Baby (1975). She naturally rejects the argument that disco is solely a minimalist form which is inherently non-teleological (without design or purpose). This may appear to be a neat stretch for those in the know. But, I was just happy to be along for the ride. As with Dyer, McClary argues against â€Å"traditional hierarchies of musical value† (p9). To her, Reich is the minimalist reaching for the edges of a musical trance-like state, and Summer is the erotic practitioner who belts out a classic vamp that surprisingly simulates an amazing 22 orgasms (p11). At last, she reaches just that much closer to what I have come to believe that the great body of psy-trance music is really all about; even thought she quickly abandons it. However, it is here that she poses her most salient point: â€Å"Teleological music’s ‘climax mechanism’ is akin to the [Western male] orgasm; teleology is thus the drive to orgasm; banishing teleology must mean banishing orgasm. Minimal music is anti-teleological, and is thus akin to trantric [‘Oriental’] sex, where the ability to put the [male] body into orgasm-defying stasis even as it engages in what for most humans is the most goal-directed activity imaginable is the sign of profound yogic accomplishment†(p12) Both of these authors seem to be seeking the same thing; just going about it in their own separate way. Yet, they both seem to miss the point as far as I am concerned because the aim of this psy-trance music is the same wherever it may be found. It is the search for that endless climatic moment that leads to a higher spiritual purpose. This same search for heavenly escapism can be found in many of the native Indian dance rituals that can be found right here in America. Even thought this spiritual quest has so often been obscured by the popular use of hallucinogenic drugs, still the psychedelic-techno music, the dark covert meeting places, and the strict social boundaries often found together in the mix wherever this type of pure eroticism abounds; all of it has a purpose. Even when the ‘raves’ were popular just a few years ago, still it seemed that even this generation could find some higher meaning in the heat of the dance. The pounding repetitious beat that always seemed to somehow naturally marshal the entire crowd into a circle; why does this always seem to happen? It is all a part of that necessary escapism just like that which draws thousands of young Israeli men to travel each winter far away from their homes and to a place called Goa in southern India. They are called Goa freaks (Saldanha, 2006), because they live a solitary existence almost like zombies forever strung out on ecstasy. However, it is the abandonment to the music that draws them there in order to find a solitary refuge, while being seduced into a trance-state that perhaps will help them to forget the anguish of their shattered lives.

The Life Of Walt Disney Film Studies Essay

The Life Of Walt Disney Film Studies Essay When he arrived back to the United States, Walt moved back to Kansas City where he worked on several different jobs as a commercial artist and a cartoonist. One of these jobs was a temporary contract with the Pesmen-Rubin Art Studio where he created ads for newspapers, magazines and movie theatres. It was at the Pesmen-Rubin Art Studio where Walt met Ubbe Iwerks with whom he set up Iwerks-Disney Commercial Artists, which Disney soon left and began working at Kansas City Film Ad Company where he made cut out animation commercials. Disney decided he wanted to become an animator, he read a book called Animated Cartoons: How They Are Made, Their Origin and Development through which he learned about cel animation which he found to be much more promising then cutout animation. He was allowed to borrow a camera from work to experiment at home. He recruited fellow Kansas City Film Ad Company employee, Fred Harman as his own first employee and the two secured a deal with local theatre owner F rank L. Newman to screen their cartoons which they titled Laugh-O-Grams. The cartoons were hugely successful in the Kansas City area and from their success Disney was able to set up his own studio also called Laugh-O-Gram and also hire a number of animators including Fred Harman and Ubbe Iwerks. The company soon went bankrupt as the studios profits were unable to pay for the animators high salaries and Walt was unable to manage the money. After the failure of Laugh-O-Grams, Walt set his sights on Hollywood, where he met up with his older brother Roy and using the twos collective funds they set up a cartoon studio. At this stage a New York distributor Margaret Winkler signed a deal for some live-action/animated shorts based upon Alices Wonderland, which Walt had worked on in Kansas City with Iwerks. Walt and Roy had now set up Disney Brothers Studio, a single story building on Hyperion Avenue, LA where the company remained until 1939. The Alice Comedies were quite successful until finishing up in 1927 by which time the focus was mostly on the animated characters in the series rather than the live action Alice, especially Julius, a black cat that resembled Felix the Cat. In 1925, Disney had hired Lillian Bounds to ink and paint celluloid, Walt dated Lillian for a brief time and two got married in the same year. In 1927, Margaret Winklers husband, Charles B. Mintz had taken over her business and ordered Disney Studios to make a new animated series to be distributed through Universal Pictures. Oswald the Lucky Rabbit was the new series and was an instant success. Oswald, a character drawn and created by Iwerks became a popular figure. The company was doing so well that Walt hired 4 more animators. In February 1928, Mintz and Disney met to discuss a new fee for the shorts. Disney was looking for a higher payment but Mintz informed him that not only was he reducing the fee per short but that he had taken most of his main animators (except notably Iwerks) under contract and could begin his own studio if Disney did not accept the cuts and that Universal, not Disney, owned the trademark of Oswald the Rabbit so they could continue to make the films without Disney. Disney declined Charles Mintzs offer and lost the majority of his animation staff and his beloved Oswald the Rabbit. After losing Oswald, Walt Disney felt like he needed a new approach to his cartoons and new character to replace Oswald. The new character was based on a mouse that Walt had adopted as a pet while working in Kansas City. Ub Iwerks took Disneys rough sketches of the mouse, making it easier to animate. The mouse was originally called Mortimer, but later christened Mickey by Lillian Disney who thought the name Mortimer was too stiff and convinced him to go with Mickey instead. Mortimer later became Mickeys rival for Minnie. Mickey first starred in two silent films called Plane Crazy and The Gallopin Gaucho, both these films failed to find a distributor. By this time other film studios in Hollywood had began using sound in their movies and after Walt had seen The Jazz Singer, the first movie with sound, Disney decided to make the fist all-sound, talking and music cartoon with Mickey Mouse starring as Steamboat Willie which was distributed by Cinephone (1928). Eight years later, in 1936 c ritics and fans all over the world agreed that Mickey Mouse was the most recognized figure on the planet. It was Walt himself that provided Mickeys voice until 1946. Although he had stopped actually drawing the cartoons himself in 1927, Disney relied on his animators to implement his ideas which included launching many other successful cartoon characters over this time including Donald Duck, Goofy and Pluto. In 1932, Disney received a special Academy Award for the creation of Mickey Mouse. Disneys Success continued to soar throughout the 30s and 40s, with 1937 1941 being known as The Golden Age of Animation. In 1934 Disney began making plans for a full length feature animation, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs with an estimated budget of $150,000 that ended up costing Disney $1.5 million. The studio actually ran out of money mid 1937 and had to show a rough cut of the film to loan officers at the Bank of America who gave them money to finish production. The premiere on the 21st December 1937 was met with a standing ovation. The film was released in February 1938 and earned over $8 million on its first theatrical release, at a time when the average ticket price was 25 cents. On the success of Snow White, Disney was able to build brand new studios in Burbank, which opened for business in December 1939. Over the next four years, Disney produced Pinocchio, Fantasia, Bambi and Dumbo and early production work had started on Peter Pan and Alice in Wonderland. Although the ear ly forties proved difficult for Disney as many of the top animators went on strike. Personal Politics Throughout his life Walt Disney gave off the perfect public persona, but Walt has had many critics during his life and since his death. In the studios in Hyperion Ave, his employees knew him as Uncle Walt which at the time was a term of endearment and it seemed like a privilege to them not to have to call their boss Sir or Mr. Disney. The animators worked long hard hours to meet Disneys high standard of perfection, Everybody loved the studio, everybody joyfully worked over-time putting in all the hours needed without any pay, everybody liked each other and liked Walt Bill Melendez, animator at Disney Studios 1937-1941. But when the studios moved to the new location at Burbank, Disney introduced a high degree of specialization among his work force transforming animation into a production line process, here at last was the rationally planned factory Disney had dreamed of. Walt showed off the studio is a film called the reluctant dragon in which smiley white coated worked go happily abo ut their day. But reality at the new studios wasnt all that it seemed. The workers had been promised that the move from Hyperion was good for them as well as Walt, but this was not the case, in fact some workers fell that is was in some ways a deterioration in their working conditions. Marie Beardsley was one of the artists who made the move everything was segregated, everything got too big and too impersonal and I think thats where the trouble started. Through using this factory like method in the studio had created a hierarchy of jobs, at the top being the animators, all male and all hand picked by Disney beneath them was hundred of inkers and painters, who coloured in the thousands of pictures that made each scene. They were all women. Marie Beardsley said it probably never even occurred to Walt to put a man in the inking and paintingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ That was demeaning work, she recall supervisors walking around and standing behind and other women to see how well they were inking and how fast they were painting. They were timed to see were they worth keeping on. Bill Melendez recalls Walt saying that women were Ok to be used in a menial capacity because once they reached the age of thirty the hand got shaky so it was time to get rid of them. Things had changed in the new studio and Disneys increasingly tyrannical style of management meant for some that the words Uncle Walt took on a much more sinister meaning. Disney was unusually straight-laced for a Hollywood big shot; Marie Beardsley recalls a memo being sent around to all the girls in inking and painting saying that The married men in Disney were happily married and we want all of the girls to understand that, he disliked any sort of sexuality or even socialising amongst his employees. He and Lillian were together for forty years until his death and no one at Disney Studios recalls him ever showing any interest in any other women. He actually told one of his animators that he loved Mickey Mouse more than any girl hed ever known. On Walts 35th Birthday two of the animators made a film of Mickey and Minnie consummating their relationship, at the end of the film Walt stood up and said that it was great animation, he then asked who had made it, the animators who made it stood up and Walt fired them on the spot. Case Study: Disney Corporation vs Fitzpatrick In 2001, Denise and Francis Fitzpatrick, a young professional couple from Ireland did the impossible and defeated The Walt Disney Company in a legal battle over the rights to the name of their character Piggley Pooh for a TV series they wanted to develop. In 1999 Denise and Francis received a letter from Disney saying that the company was opposing their application for the trademark of Piggley Pooh in Europe because of Disneys character Winnie The Pooh. The Fitzpatricks faced an almost 3 year long battle with one of the biggest entertainment corporations in the world. In which they became emotionally, physically and financially broken. Winnie the Pooh is character from books written by A.A Milne in 1926.in 1930 Steven Slesinger purchased the rights to Winnie the Pooh from Milne for a $1000 advance and 66% of Slesingers income, by November 1931 Slesinger had turned Winnie the pooh into a $50 million a year business. Walt Disney bought Winnie the Pooh off Slesinger in 1961 and was paying twice yearly royalties to A.A Milnes beneficiaries until 2001 when they paid a lump sum of $350 million. The lump sum was spread out between the Royal Literary Society, the Westminster School and the Garrick Club and family of A.A Milne. Winnie the Pooh now raises at least $6 billion revenues for Disney each year. As a young girl on her grandmothers farm in Co Meath, Denise had a fascination with the pigs that were there, she used to visit them every time she was on her grandmothers farm and loved to make up stories about them. The main character in all her stories was Piggley Pooh. Denise says she had never heard of Winnie the Pooh or Piglet or any of the animals in 100 Acre Wood during her childhood in the 1960s and 1970s, like most Irish children she read Enid Blyton and other English wirters. Her imagination ran wild throughout her childhood as to what this marvellous little Pigley Pooh would be getting up to. Denise also had a love for stories from Celtic mythology and old Irish seanchaà ­s throughout her life. This is what she wanted the Piggley Pooh TV series to be based on, a simple story for children, with a moral lesson behind it. Disney were adamant the Fitzpatricks stop the production of the Piggley Pooh TV series, or at least change the name, something Denise was thoroughly against, she would not even hear of having the h at the end of pooh dropped. After the letter in January in 1999, they decided not to let the giant corporation ruin Denises childhood dreams. Piggley Pooh was already a registered trademark in the U.S, but they were objecting to the name becoming a registered trademark in Japan and Europe. Francis met with their Trademark Agents who were quite confident that they has a pretty strong case. Disney were trying to prove that their ownership of the name Winnie the Pooh was being stolen by the use of the word pooh in Piggley Poohs name. In 2000, Denise and Francis flew over to L.A for a meeting with Steve Ackerman, Disneys chief counsel worldwide. After many attempts to postpone their meeting, Francis arrived at the Burbank Studios where Ackerman showed up 40 minutes late for their meeting without a word of apology. Ackerman straight out told Francis that the problem they had was one of theft, they had stolen two names from Disney. Pooh and Piglet. Although they had slightly altered Piglet, they had still put it side by side with Pooh, and hoped to make millions from it. This is what the Disney Corporation thought about Francis and his wife and family and it looked as if they were not going to stop at anything to get their names back. The meeting was a hostile one, with Ackerman claiming that Disney could prove that there were Winnie the Pooh books in circulation in Ireland at the time of Denises childhood. Francis was called a thief many times and an Irish bastard. But things came to a head when Ackerman threatened the Fitzpatricks children Listen Francisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Youre not going to get the better of the Disney Corporation. Nobody gets the better of Disney. We got the recourses. We got the time. We got right on our side. Well go after you all around the world and bankrupt you. Youre a family man. You got children. You need to think again Youve got young childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ You and your wife have to look after them, not waste their future Francis flipped telling the corporate giant never to mention his children again. Telling him that Disney were the thieves in all this, stealing peoples dreams, peoples rights to tell stories and stealing something that had been a part of Denises life since she was a child. After this outburst, Ackerman realised that the Fitzpatricks were serious about this and would not be backing down anytime soon. The two men continued the meeting in a civil manner, with Disney proposing a settlement out of court of $500,000 for the Fitzpatricks to give up the Piggey Pooh name. They refused this offer and met the Disney Company in the European Trademark courts in Alicante, Spain in January 2001 but no oral hearing happened, it was done behind closed doors. Three months later Francis has a phone call from their Trademark Agents telling him it was good news. They had won, Disneys objection had been overruled and they were entitled to registration as owner of the trademark. But this wasnt the end for the battle for the name Piggley Pooh. In March 2002, Royal Bank of Scotland, the bank funding the TV series decided that the name Pooh must come out of the name Piggley Pooh because of Disneys powerful stance in the marketplace was too threatening to the brand of Piggley Pooh. If a Piggley Pooh soft toy were on sale for $10 in childrens shops, Disney would sell Winnie the Pooh for $8. The Fitzpatricks were back to square one. Although they had beat the Disney Corporation in the courts they had not fully won. Out of this Piggley Winks was born and turned into a successful animated TV series.