Motorcycle segment in Germany Essay Example for Free

Motorcycle segment in Germany Essay Much of the demand for two-wheelers in Germany is concentrated on sporty vehicles, typically suited for leisure rather than daily transport. These vehicles make up nearly a third of the total new two-wheeler demand in the country. Enduro bikes – which usually have an engine size smaller than 650cc – are the second most popular motorcycle segment, occupying more than a fourth of the total market demand. Source: ACEM Market Shares Of Brands Total Market. It is therefore not surprising that the segment received a hit from the global economic crisis in 2009, resulting in more than 17% fewer motorcycles, or 137,045 units, being shifted compared with 2009, according to estimates from the German Motorcycle Association (IVM). Key players in the industry include Honda Motor, with a market share of more than 14%, followed by Yamaha Motor and BMW with respective market shares of 11. 9% and 11. 5% in 2009.  © Business Monitor International Ltd Page 48 Germany Autos Report Q1 2012 Segment News. No Recovery In Sight For Motorcycles Segment BMI has significantly revised down its outlook for motorcycle sales in Western Europe in view of growing concerns about weak economic growth in the key markets of Germany and France, while the large markets of Spain, Italy and Greece are performing worse than expected. Estimates from the European motorcycles association (ACEM) show that the market for motorcycles has contracted by almost a quarter since 2008 and we expect further contraction in 2012 as the region comes under the influence of widespread austerity measures. Although growth should return to positive territory from 2013, we see little likelihood of the market returning to pre-crisis levels at any time during the forecast period to 2016. Crisis Or Change Of Preference? Indeed, there is little optimism in the motorcycles segment, with sales for the first three quarters down more than 9% year-on-year (y-o-y), to 1. 23mn units, despite declines of 13% and 15% y-o-y in 2009 and 2010 respectively. The blame partly lies in a sharp reversal in demand from Germany and France, both of which were posting positive growth until H111. To a large extent, this is the outcome of the general use of motorcycles for leisure rather than a means of transport in the region. It is therefore not surprising that as consumer confidence wanes owing to the eurozone sovereign debt crisis, households feel less inclined to make non-essential purchases. All of this comes at a time when sales in Italy and Spain which together account for over 40% of all motorcycles sold in the EU are reporting declines of over 15. 6% y-o-y each. From Bad To Worse Europe Motorcycle Sales Growth (%chg, y-o-y) * BMI forecasts. Source: ACEM, BMI  © Business Monitor International Ltd Page 49 Germany Autos Report Q1 2012 We have accordingly revised down our 2011 sales forecast from a 2% y-o-y decline expected earlier to a much sharper 10. 5% decline. In 2012, we expect a clear divergence in motorcycle demand between the six markets. The likes of Germany, France and the UK are likely to return to positive growth, mostly helped by favourable base effects and relatively better economic conditions. Meanwhile, demand in Spain, Italy and Greece will be hit by strict austerity measures adopted by their respective governments, mass unemployment and a decrease in consumer wealth. In total, this will result in a further 0. 25% contraction in motorcycle demand in the region, making it the fifth consecutive year of contraction for the segment. Regulatory Costs Although we expect demand to grow thereafter, recovery will be very modest, with the market growing an average of just over 3% y-o-y between 2013 and 2016. Rising ownership rates and insurance costs coupled with an ageing population in the region will significantly dampen consumer interest in motorcycles. Far From Recovery Europe Motorcycle Sales: Historical Data and Forecast f = forecast. Source: ACEM, BMI Additionally, we expect the segment to face a slew of regulatory changes, all of which will lead to marked increases in motorcycle prices and will consequently mar growth. The European Commission (EC) is currently looking to improve technology in the sector and make it safer and more environmentally friendly. A policy aimed at gradually moving to stricter emission standards is likely to be put in place, with the Euro 3, Euro 4 and Euro 5 standards to be made compulsory by 2014, 2017 and 2020 respectively. Meanwhile, the ECs plans to increase safety requirements for motorcycles is most  © Business Monitor International Ltd Page 50 Germany Autos Report Q1 2012 likely to lead to the mandatory fitting of anti-lock braking systems in medium- and high-performance motorcycles and automatic headlamps in all L-category vehicles (comprising two- and three-wheel powered cycles, mopeds, motorcycles with and without side-cars, on-road quads and mini-cars). For a segment which will still be very fragile, such regulations will indeed be a spoiler.  © Business Monitor International Ltd Page 51 Copyright of Germany Autos Report is the property of Business Monitor International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holders express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.

Comparing Carbon Footprint of Reusable Nalgene Water Bottles to Single

One of the greatest problems facing humanity is global climate change. Global climate change is the increase in average global temperature, caused by an increase in greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are the blanket of gases surrounding the earth that allow the world to be inhabitable. This layer of water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and other gases works in the same way that a greenhouse does, by trapping heat energy inside the atmosphere. Unfortunately, since the Industrial Revolution, people have released more of these gases into the atmosphere, thickening the blanketing layer. This thicker layer traps more heat, leading to dramatic changes in the earth's climate. In order to reduce to potential climate change, the amount of greenhouse gases being released need to be reduced. One starting point to reducing the amount of greenhouse gases that you release is to find your carbon footprint. The carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gases that is emitted over the full life of a process. Although it is called the carbon footprint, it is a measure of the total greenhouse gases released, converted to the equivalent amount of CO2. This number is not completely accurate, but it is a good estimate of the amount of CO2 released into the atmosphere through our activities. Once you have found your personal carbon footprint, you can begin to work to reduce it. One way to reduce your carbon footprint is to look closely at each product you use, and find a more carbon efficient version. This paper can help you with that. In this paper, you will find a comparison of the carbon footprint o... ...s&oldid=228960982 Pacific Institute (2008). Bottled Water and Energy: A Fact Sheet. Retrieved July 31, 2008, Web site: http://www.pacinst.org/topics/water_and_sustainability/bottled_water/bottled_water_and_energy.html Pimental, David & Marcia. "Energy use in food processing for nutrition and development." Retrieved July 31, 2008, from http://www.unu.edu/unupress/food/8f072e/8f072e06.htm Neustaedter, Randall (7/18/2004). Plastic Water Bottles. Retrieved July 31, 2008, from Holistic Pediatric Association Web site: http://www.hpakids.org/holistic-health/articles/108/1/Plastic-Water-Bottles Images http://jamaicaplainforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/02/low-carbon-diet-earth.jpg http://archives.zinester.com/13183/128920/202817_global-warming%20(Small).jpg http://www.martin-waugh.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/08/water-drop-1b.jpg http://www.nalgene.com

The Beginning of a New Life

In the fall of 2011, I moved to Buffalo, New York and took two years to get here. I do not regret anything. I arrived knowing nothing and speaking English was not the same as when I was twelve when I was studying in Tampa, FL. Some people may think it’s funny that I came here not knowing the woman I was to live with. My mother was happy but scared at the same time that I was going to a city that I did not know and almost alone, without close relatives or even friends. But one that does not risk does not succeed. Many are wondering just what brought me to Buffalo, NY. I left a place with plenty of sunshine, beautiful beaches and lots of fun to a place that winter is. I met my wife on a social networking site. It was crazy, but I prepared my destination. In my country, I was unemployed and the place where I worked gave up my services and I could not find work. I started receiving unemployment benefits. I liked being at home all day. When I met my wife on the social network, we began to write and then we exchanged the phone numbers. After two months I moved to Buffalo to start a new life. She already had a child and I had no children at the moment. I talked to my mother about it and told me that if I felt happy doing that she supported me. In the following days I looked for information of Buffalo and buy a ticket, pack and what needed for the trip. But first I decided to visit my dad in Florida because he had not seen in a long time. So my trip began on October 29, 2011 to Lake City, FL. Lake City is a beautiful place with friendly people and almost everyone knows each other, because it is a small town and there are few places that have entertainment. When I was there first time in the year 2002, there was almost nothing, just some parks, five disco bars, and where all young people share a lot after going to the movies or the clubs †¦ Wal-Mart. On arrival, I was surprised it did not seem much a small town because it had evolved. To my surprise, there were several shopping centers, had many more stores than eleven years ago. The small town was not small, was now a bigger city and productive, with more opportunities to grow personally and economically professionals. But despite the new city that I came by surprise, people still the same, kind, respectful and generous as ever. I spent three weeks with my father who taught me new things that had built. I left fascinated and I said to myself: â€Å"I want to return with my new family but to stay and make a new life here with them, they will achieve it one day. † I felt motivated to move forward in my life and have a major future for me and my family. I wanted to go to that city, but had a new beginning, a new life, a new future ahead you had to structure. I begin my journey to a strange city. I didn’t come by plane; I wanted to travel by bus, so begins the journey to Buffalo, New York. In the driving time I made several stops, but I had my mind occupied with things like the city, everything will be fine, get quick work, I will be happy, and I was increasingly reflective. The trip was about eighteen hours and I could not sleep. When I reached this city, my new love and my stepson received me happily and lovingly, and I was very happy, but at the same time I felt strange and disoriented and did not know anything about this city. It was night when I get to Buffalo, New York. I came to my new home, I took a bath and went to bed and said, â€Å"Tomorrow is my beginning of a new life. † The next day when I woke up, I felt strange, but I could not get for later, this was my first, so I decided to do it. So I got dressed and started to explore the city. It was cold; in a few days would be Thanksgiving Day. I was committed to finding jobs, but it was hard, because my English is not the same as before, but I don’t give up. After several attempts and several weeks ago I received a call from an employment agency. I started at a famer market Jose Disaderio, but in few weeks they laid me off, and employment agencies know. But I'm not discouraged at all. I spent Christmas and New Years with family. After several days my girlfriend gave me the news that I was father for the first time in my life. I was on clouds, like a dream that I wake.

Character Analysis of Sasha Uskov - 1765 Words

Authors use many literary methods to acquaint the reader with the main character. Most authors typically reveal the personality traits of their main character through characterization. In the short story, â€Å"A Problem† the author was able to allow the reader to explore the characterization of the main character, Sasha Uskov in several distinct ways. Through the narrator’s statement, the author was able to reveal to the reader the motives and conflicts of Sasha’s character and the other supporting characters. Describing Sasha’s character through his own actions reveals to the reader what they need know about his role in the story. The use of dialogue and thoughts helps the reader focus on how this affects the projection of point of view and†¦show more content†¦The dialogue among the other characters and revealed that Sasha’s problems began early in his life stemming from having no parents, being uneducated and lacked a moral compass: â€Å"†¦remember that Sasha had received practically no education; he had been expelled from the high school in the fifth class; he had lost his parents in early childhood, and so had been left at the tenderest age without guidance and good, benevolent influences. He was nervous, excitable, had no firm ground under his feet, and, above all, he had been unlucky. â€Å" This allows for the reader to decide whether or not to see Sasha through their own moral, ethics and compassion. The author purposely focused on the morals, ethics and compassion of the problem that centered around Sasha’s character and its impact on the Uskov family- â€Å"He felt neither terror, shame, nor depression, but only weariness and inward emptiness. It seemed to him that it made absolutely no difference to him whether they forgave him or not; he had come here to hear his sentence and to explain himself simply because kind-hearted Ivan Markovitch had begged him to do so. He was not afraid of the future. It made no difference to him where he was: here in the hall, in prison, or in Siberia.† His life’s hardships were mirrored by his family’s name and status in their respective community. Sasha’s thoughts influence his action and become the catalyst for the events in the story. Within the story’s dialogue,

Biography of Isaac Newton, Mathematician and Scientist

Sir Isaac Newton (Jan. 4, 1643–March 31, 1727) was a superstar of physics, math, and astronomy even in his own time. He occupied the chair of Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge in England, the same role later filled, centuries later, by Stephen Hawking. Newton conceived of several laws of motion, influential mathematical principals which, to this day, scientists use to explain how the universe works. Fast Facts: Sir Isaac Newton Known For: Developed laws that explain how the universe worksBorn: Jan. 4, 1643 in Lincolnshire, EnglandParents: Isaac Newton, Hannah AyscoughDied: March 20, 1727 in Middlesex, EnglandEducation: Trinity College, Cambridge (B.A., 1665)Published Works: De Analysi per Aequationes Numero Terminorum Infinitas (1669, published 1711), Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687), Opticks (1704)Awards and Honors: Fellowship of the Royal Society  (1672), Knight Bachelor (1705)Notable Quote: If I have seen further than others, it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants. Early Years and Influences Newton was born in 1642 in a manor house in Lincolnshire, England. His father had died two months before his birth. When Newton was 3 his mother remarried and he remained with his grandmother. He was not interested in the family farm, so he was sent to Cambridge University to study. Newton was born just a short time after the death of  Galileo, one of the greatest scientists of all time. Galileo had proved that the planets revolve around the sun, not the earth as people thought at the time. Newton was very interested in the discoveries of Galileo and others. Newton thought the universe worked like a machine and that a few simple laws governed it. Like Galileo, he realized that mathematics was the way to explain and prove those laws. Laws of Motion Newton formulated laws of motion and gravitation. These laws are math formulas that explain how objects move when a force acts on them. Newton published his most famous book, Principia, in 1687 while he was a mathematics professor at Trinity College in Cambridge. In Principia, Newton explained three basic laws that govern the way objects move. He also described his theory of gravity, the force that causes things to fall down. Newton then used his laws to show that the planets revolve around the suns in orbits that are oval, not round. The three laws are often called Newton’s Laws. The first law states that an object that is not being pushed or pulled by some force will stay still or will keep moving in a straight line at a steady speed. For example, if someone is riding a bike and jumps off before the bike is stopped, what happens? The bike continues on until it falls over. The tendency of an object to remain still or keep moving in a straight line at a steady speed is called inertia. The second law explains how a force acts on an object. An object accelerates in the direction the force is moving it. If someone gets on a bike and pushes the pedals forward, the bike will begin to move. If someone gives the bike a push from behind, the bike will speed up. If the rider pushes back on the pedals, the bike will slow down. If the rider turns the handlebars, the bike will change direction. The third law states that if an object is pushed or pulled, it will push or pull equally in the opposite direction. If someone lifts a heavy box, they use force to push it up. The box is heavy because it is producing an equal force downward on the lifter’s arms. The weight is transferred through the lifter’s legs to the floor. The floor also presses upward with an equal force. If the floor pushed back with less force, the person lifting the box would fall through the floor. If it pushed back with more force, the lifter would fly up in the air. Importance of Gravity When most people think of Newton, they think of him sitting under an apple tree observing an apple fall to the ground. When he saw the apple fall, Newton began to think about a specific kind of motion called gravity. Newton understood that gravity was a force of attraction between two objects. He also understood that an object with more matter or mass exerted the greater force or pulled smaller objects toward it. That meant that the large mass of the Earth pulled objects toward it. That is why the apple fell down instead of up and why people don’t float in the air. He also thought that maybe gravity was not just limited to the Earth and the objects on the earth. What if gravity extended to the Moon and beyond? Newton calculated the force needed to keep the Moon moving around the earth. Then he compared it with the force that made the apple fall downward. After allowing for the fact that the Moon is much farther from the Earth and has a much greater mass, he discovered that the forces were the same and that the Moon is also held in orbit around Earth by the pull of earth’s gravity. Disputes in Later Years and Death Newton moved to London in 1696 to accept the position of warden of the Royal Mint. For many years afterward, he argued with Robert Hooke over who had actually discovered the connection between elliptical orbits and the inverse square law, a dispute that ended only with Hookes death in 1703. In 1705, Queen Anne bestowed a knighthood upon Newton, and thereafter he was known as Sir Isaac Newton. He continued his work, particularly in mathematics. This led to another dispute in 1709, this time with German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz. They both quarreled over which of them had invented calculus. One reason for Newtons disputes with other scientists was his overwhelming fear of criticism, which led him to write, but then postpone publication of, his brilliant articles until after another scientist created similar work. Besides his earlier writings, De  Analysi (which didnt see publication until 1711) and Principia (published in 1687), Newtons publications included Optics (published in 1704), The Universal Arithmetic (published in 1707), the Lectiones Opticae (published in 1729), the Method of Fluxions (published in 1736), and the Geometrica Analytica (printed in 1779). On March 20, 1727, Newton died near London. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, the first scientist to receive this honor.   Legacy Newton’s calculations changed the way people understood the universe. Prior to Newton, no one had been able to explain why the planets stayed in their orbits. What held them in place? People had thought that the planets were held in place by an invisible shield. Newton proved that they were held in place by the sun’s gravity and that the force of gravity was affected by distance and mass. While he was not the first person to understand that the orbit of a planet was elongated like an oval, he was the first to explain how it worked. Sources â€Å"Isaac Newtons Life.†Ã‚  Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences.â€Å"Isaac Newton Quotes.†Ã‚  BrainyQuote, Xplore.â€Å"Sir Isaac Newton.†Ã‚  StarChild, NASA.

Analysis Of The Book The Odyssey - 1720 Words

The Odyssey Books 1-4 Arà ªte: †¢ Book 1 o Aigà ­sthos lacks arà ªte-â€Å"stole Agamemnon’s wife and killed the soldier on his homecoming day† (53-54) even after Hermes warned him no to o Telà ©makhos shows arà ªte by giving Mentà ªs food gifts before asking his identity- â€Å"irked with himself to think a visitor had been kept their waiting† (150-151) †¢ Book 2 o Penelope shows arà ªte with wit and trickery-â€Å"so every day she wove on the great loom†¦every night by torchlight she unwove it; and so for three years she deceived the Akhaians† (112-114)- delays choosing a suitor, loyal to Odysseus o Lack of arà ªte for the suitors-â€Å"My house is being plundered: is this courtesy?†(68) †¢ Book 3 o Nestor recounts Odysseus’s arà ªte and skill o Nestor hopes Telà ©makhos will get revenge with the suitors as Orestes did when he demonstrated arà ªte and â€Å"killed the snake who killed his father† (334) †¢ Book 4 o Menelà ¡os Helen tell stories of the arà ªte Odysseus showed the Trojan Horse Characters: †¢ Gods: Zeus(â€Å"summoner of cloud†, â€Å"Father of us all†), Athena(â€Å"the grey-eyed goddess†, known for her wisdom, supports Odysseus) †¢ Mortals: Telà ©makhos(Odysseus’s son, â€Å"clear-headed†), Penà ©lopà ª(Odysseus’s faithful wife, â€Å"Penà ©lopà ª the wise†), Eurà ½makhos, Antà ­noà ¶s other suitors, Mentà ªs(Athena in disguise, revealed in Book 4), Eurà ½kleia(faithful/devoted nurse), Nestor(king of Pylos), Pisistratus (Nestor’s son), Menelà ¡os Helen(king, queen of Sparta) Aspects of Greek culture: †¢ Role of Women/Way of Governing: o Telà ©makhosShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book The Odyssey 984 Words   |  4 PagesOdysseus and Penelope, is one of the main character of Homer’s poem The Odyssey. 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Homer authored both The Iliad and The Odyssey. The Iliad is the story of the Trojan war, while The Odyssey is about Odysseus’ ten year adventure home from the war. â€Å"The story of the Trojan War, the Bronze Age conflict between the kingdoms of Troy and Mycenaean Greece, straddles the history and mythology of ancient GreeceRead More Elements of Homers Odyssey in the Coen Brothers Oh Brother Where Art Thou646 Words   |  3 Pagesadventure The Odyssey, is a film amusingly filled with themes of symbolism similar to those found in Homer’s epic, while still maintaining a sense of originality and style that they have become so renowned for. An exciting and entertaining blend of high adventure, humour, and heartfelt emotion, at first glance, the film barely resembles Homer’s poem: only certain elements are obvious, such as the main character’s name and the three sirens by the river. However, a deeper and more intense analysis of the

Music History Jazz

Question: Discuss about the Music History for Jazz. Answer: Introduction Jazz is conceptualized as highly rhythmic and syncopated kind of music which has its roots in New Orleans. Scholars agree that Jazz music emerged in New Orleans, Louisiana at the dawn of 20th century (Anderson, 2007). Jazz development was significantly influenced by both African and European music traditions. From African music traditions jazz borrowed "feel" and rhythm, "blue" quality and the custom of playing the instrument in customized manner thus acting as an extension of the human voice. Similarly, from the European music tradition, jazz inherited the use of instrument because the majority of the instruments such as trumpet, saxophone, and piano were from Europe (Scaruffi, 2007). Besides, jazz got harmony no wonder jazz harmony is similar to European classic music. The purpose of this research, therefore, is to discuss the forces that came together to jazz in the late 1950s and how they created a backlash in the early 1960s against a jazz mainstream that had lost its authentici ty and creative momentum. Background Historically speaking jazz was born in the midst of a conflict between the white rich and the poor blacks. The conflict of values between the two boiled out to streets and fields and the most authentic way to express this was through music. It is, therefore, prudent to say jazz was born as a defiant music of the segregated poor black people. The term jazz had its origin in the New Orleans whorehouses and got its first usage in 1917 (Krekola Mikkonen, 2011). Initially, jazz was developed as dance music, but it later evolved to listening music in the 1940s. Additionally, it was conceived as an oral music, hence for a long time it remained unwritten. Due to cultural diversity in New Orleans jazz is characterized by various styles which include Jazz-rock, Dixie Jazz/New Orleans Jazz, Cool Jazz, Swing, Free Jazz, and B-Bop. All these jazz styles are featured by improvisation, syncopated rhythmic patterns, and strong performance techniques making jazz a unique music style. As a unique mus ical genre jazz was popularly accepted in Australia, Britain, and America from the 1800s to late 1940s. In the 1950s jazz as a genre had lost its popularity probably due to the fact that it has evolved to be too cognitive for an average listener (Hazell, 2014). For music to remain vibrant, it must be easy to dance or to sing it. The forces that came together in the 1950s, however, sought to recapture jazz enthusiasm. Forces That Came Together in the Late 1950s and How They Created Jazz Backlash in early 1960s Music industry encountered significant technological advancement in the 1950s. Advanced recording techniques allowed recording engineers and musician to formulate amazing soundscapes. Concerts and radio shows were replaced by recordings thus becoming the main medium by which people interacted with music (Anderson, 2007). At this period jazz art world experienced amalgamations of forces like social, political and cultural upheaval, independence of artists, and technological advancement. The combination of these forces resulted to the renaissance of jazz art world. This renaissance was featured by massive production, stylistic novelty, and bulging audiences, consequently, gaining the attention of both broadcast and print media. Besides, this period marked the dawn of the modern American jazz. This time was featured by a massive recording of jazz music, thanks to technological advancement. This extensive recording can be attributed to works of Van Gelder who was fundamentally a jazz spe cialist (Feather, 2017). Technological Advancement Music industry experience transformation in the 1950s, one of the significant technological developments that revolutionized the music industry was improved Thomas Edison's phonograph (Gioia, 2011). The magnetic phonographs allowed artists to record only what they liked. The tremendous advancement called for new jazz artistic creativity. Another technological advancement which metamorphosed how jazz music was traditionally made was the emergence of colored television. Prior to this advancement, the spread of music relied on radio, live performances, and records. That meant for one to listen to music it was either on a off record, radio or a live performance. These said mediums were not the best for a music listener. They pushed the audience far from the music performer, either because the listener could not see the artist or he/she was seated very far from the performer. Television got wide acceptance in the 1950s because they were accessible and affordable (Perchard, 2017). As a res ult jazz artist had to innovate a new way to thrive in the media culture as opposed to live performances. The presence of the broadcast media made jazz artist to incorporate dancing into their music as opposed to classical jazz music. Political, Social, and Cultural Forces The political, social, and cultural forces were instrumental in this renaissance. The government approved the use of jazz musicians as American cultural ambassadors. This move, therefore, led to modern jazz aesthetics which was characterized by musical improvement in jazz performance and innovative stylistic directions. Similarly, cultural forces at this time created a radicalized community of black jazz artists, who were race conscious. As a result, they passionately challenged the direction jazz music was taking both ideologically and musically (Giddins DeVeaux, 2009). Equally, society was becoming intensely capitalistic thus jazz artists were working independently either as writers, producers, and artists. This element hence hindered any of the styles from dominating. Without any seat of authority, jazz music maintained diversity thus developing innovatively. In addition, the economic boom of this period motivated jazz movement from its comfort zones in the urban clubs to new fro ntiers like education centers, art museums, outdoor facilities, and concert halls. Furthermore, the economic status of the time also encouraged jazz artists to move outside the United States borders. Hence, jazz established itself as an international brand, consequently leading to remarkable writing on jazz. The written literature transformed the jazz art world significantly (Montiel, 2016). Moreover, government promotion of jazz as a symbol of the American culture and the American art form solidified music ideologies, thus, encouraging more innovation to create wide reception of the jazz music home and abroad. In the late 1950s and early 1960s American and world social setting was undergoing transformation led by civil right movements. There was a political wave of demanding freedom in every aspect of life, and as a result, free jazz was born. Consequently, many scholars see the emergence of free jazz a reaction of the segregated black people rather than just a mere rejection of particular music ideas and credos. Civil movement hence contributed to the recognition of black jazz artists. Therefore, this period is marked by growing social mobility of the black jazz artists. New opportunities were reserved for black jazz artists by both recording and radio industry (Epperson, 2013). Similarly, famous bland bands got sponsorships and were promoted due to increasing demand of jazz music internationally as well as among the whites. In addition, jazz art encouraged integration between blacks and whites in the music industry. Though the reality of discrimination was still alive in this era, both b lacks and whites were equals in the jazz community. Jazz art not only integrated the American divergent cultures and people but also brought people together globally. Within this period jazz music was greatly influenced by ideas from third world countries like India, Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East. Free jazz, therefore, encouraged artistic innovation among the black and white artists hence reviving jazz authenticity and creative momentum. Intellectual Force After the World War II jazz music penetrated the American education system hence it was adopted in high school, universities, and colleges music programs. This appreciation led to the formation of International Association for Jazz Education. The association promoted jazz training in schools and recognition of jazz art as a legitimate and economically viable form of art which could be studied as a career. As a result, jazz festivals were organized both within the United States and internationally (Anderson, 2007). Overseas festivals in places like Italy, Switzerland, and Netherlands resulted in being more successful to extent of breaking attendance records in similar events in the U.S. Penetration of jazz art in the educational centers had two main repercussions for jazz music. First was the creation of new audience. This audience was unique in that it was different in race-ethnic background, class background and conventional sensibility than the former audience in the night urban cl ubs (Tschmuck, 2012). This new audience thus demanded a new jazz aesthetic which called for creativity and authenticity. Secondly, recruitment of jazz artist in the 1960s was dependent on individual exposure to performing in the educational institutions. The presence of jazz art in the educational centers thus encouraged innovation and authenticity. The creativity of this period resulted different styles of jazz, bop jazz was popular amongst them. It played as a cool jazz, the creativity that featured this style entailed of quick, unusual harmonies. Many individual artists also emerged as a result of these forces. The 1950s era revealed different composers some who could not be categorized either as cool or hard jazz creators; however, their creativity made them to be admired (Shipton, 2007). Some of them like George Russell, Nichols, and Lewis wrote colorful, intricate and bright music for their bands. The same forces led to the revival of Chicago jazz center in 1965. The center acted as a jazz music learning center for the youths. The center was very critical in shaping future jazz musicians with the United States and internationally. The jazz enthusiasm of the 1950s led to new musical heritage, which created new kind of jazz art through emphases of authenticity and creativity. The creativity which characterized jazz in this era witnessed incorporation of styles from other music genres like blues, gospel hymns, and ragtime. However, these borrowed styles were applied in jazz in a unique manner that demonstrated a high level of inventiveness. Such ingenuity formed a different genre of jazz that attracted people from different social status, age, and race (Berry, Foose Jones, 2009). Hence, jazz art experienced a revival. Besides, this new form of jazz was thought to be unique since it encouraged the expression of individuality and creativity through the use of solos. Some artist captivated the audience by use of inflection. Such forms of uniqueness and creativity marked the backlash of jazz in the 1960s. Conclusion In conclusion, it's clear from the research that jazz music was a creation of social, political, and cultural factors. It is also explicit that jazz music significantly developed as an American Art form and as such it acted as a cultural, social, and political unity of the Americans. On the other hand, full acceptance of television as a form of entertainment in the 1950s offered a new platform for jazz musicians thus calling for more creativity. Government departments in the United States also utilized jazz music and musicians to propagate American culture internationally. In addition, jazz was used to depict America as a unified country especially during the rise of civil movement and cold war period (Gioia, 2011). Economic forces are illustrated as vital in making a music industry recognized and economically viable. The role of educational institutes in transforming a concept cannot also be ignored. This is demonstrated by the fact that interaction of jazz with academicians saw inn ovation and authenticity. It is, therefore, prudent to conclude that jazz stylistic innovation, authenticity, and creative momentum of the 1960s was propelled by the establishment of a new audience, the rapid expansion of production, the presence of broadcast media, government approval, economic factors, and socio-cultural factors. References Anderson, I. (2007). This is our music: Free jazz, the sixties, and American culture. University of Pennsylvania Press. Berry, J., Foose, J., Jones, T. (2009). Up from the cradle of jazz: New Orleans music since World War II. University of Louisiana at Lafayette. Epperson, B. D. (2013). More Important Than the Music: A History of Jazz Discography. University of Chicago Press. Feather, L. (2017). The Book of Jazz-A Guide to the Entire Field. Edizioni Savine. Giddins, G., DeVeaux, S. K. (2009). Jazz. WW Norton Company Incorporated. Gioia, T. (2011). 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